Simmel Modern Individual

Beatrice Ajighevi marchland 13, 2013 Berlin Irene According to Simmel, the forgement of a protective, rational barrier has a intemperate impact on mortals spirit in a city. A new-fangled private becomes absent, the bored outlook becomes a consequence of the urban mind raise which results in a galacticr degree of in the flesh(predicate) immunity, they be freed from prejudices, develop a ecumenic spot which develops a greater degree of individual(prenominal) immunity and attempt to maintain their stimulate(prenominal)ity and preserve their unique meaning in a metropolis. The metropolis does differ signifi bunstly from the upbringing of a agrestic town.While living in a metropolis, the new(a) individual is always bombarded by a unvarying change of stimuli on a day-by-day basis, In gild to adjust it egotism to the shifts and contradictions in events, it does non require the disturbances and midland upheavals which are the wholly means whereby much conservat ive somebodyalities are open to adapt themselves to the same rhythm of events. Thus the metropolitan type creates a protective electronic electronic organ for itself against the profound disruption with the fluctuations and discontinuities of the external milieu that threaten it.Unlike those of a more rural setting, whose daily activities are more common, ritualistic, and expected, the modern individual deals with quick change in a very brusk amount of snip. In order to cope with these constant shifts, hotshotness develops a protective organ. The metropolitan encounters so many an(prenominal) individuals, the protective organ allows matchless to non deal with each person on an randy or private based level. Especially in a bills based economy, personal relationships are nearly impossible.The modern individual becomes indifferent to all things personal because intellectual relationships deal with a nonher(prenominal)s specifically for self-gain and how understructur e other help ones advancement. one and only(a) must(prenominal) deal with others in a hard-nosed lieu. People are no longer treated based discharge of reputation or their individuality, just now numerical appreciate and worth. The temporal positioning is a reign consequence of the urban mindset. The metropolitan dulls themselves due to the constant changes. It arouses the ones mind so significantly that they can no longer product reaction at all. The urban environment is so superfluous, that which would amaze one from a ural setting, is boring, below average, and simply not worth noticing to the metropolitan. Not in the sense that they are not perceived, but rather that the centre and the value of the distinctions between things are experienced as nonsensical. In a more pastoral lifestyle, one grows up not as themselves, meaning that they hand over no personal freedom. Yes, they expertness have individual freedom however, this is still very restricted. They are an individual of their community. They must still persist by the unspoken rules, and tolerate what is acceptable and what is not. nonpareil might be considered an individual part to a larger organism, instead of its own world. Although, in a metropolis, one is exposed to personal freedom, they are allowed to collapse their own choices without the obligation of anothers individuals opinion. The blase mind-set results in a larger degree of personal freedom because it assures the individual of a type and degree of personal freedom to which at that place is no parity in other circumstances. A being has more dummy to cultivate his/her own abilities and undertakings for which they themselves are accountable.The blase attitude allows a person to separate themselves from other and explore themselves internally and externally. In a rural community, things whitethorn be more closed despatch and closed minded. An individual in an urban setting may be freed from the kinds of political an d spiritual prejudices felt in lower-rankinger communities because a metropolitan city is do of different people from different backgrounds with different experiences advent together to social class a community. There is no need for self-preservation of conventional values or beliefs that one has been brought up believing.People of incomparably individualized personalities were in constant clamber against the incessant inner and external oppression of the de-individualizing small town. A general attitude is when an individuals horizon is enlarged, For the metropolis its conclusive that its inner life is extended in a wave-like motion everyplace a broader national or international celestial orbit. A ecumenical person does not have one home, but the world is their home. They can identify with many places in the world and many cultures, unlike one from a small town, who is restricted to their traditional lifestyle.It is not just about being in a place physically or being t hither when the action takes place, but acceptance of the moments that once took time in that place. A planetary person is not motivated to line long full term roots in any disposed nation. It is rather about set seeds in many areas and making personal connections in each one. This is where vicenary values are replaced by qualitative, because its no longer about personal gain, but now individual relationships. Having a cosmopolitan attitude reflects a degree of personal freedom that can be achieved in an urban setting because one is not enclose to one area in particular.They are free in the actual sense to go where they please, and not be bound by time-based relationships. It is our irreplaceability by others which shows that our mode of macrocosm is not obligate upon us from the outside this is the clear magnitude in which ones independence and being are articulated. A cosmopolitan attitude allows a greater sense of personal freedom to set one self apart from anything else, without having to worry about the negative reprocautions imposed by a small town life.It allows one to be themselves in any given area at any given time. In a metropolis, because of its large size, the modern individual may have to compete to maintain his/her personality and preserve their unique inwardness. It may be operose to stand apart in a highly diversified community. One must constitute themselves noticeable. Through the responsiveness accumulated from others one may feel a feeling of self-worth, in a community where everyone has a blase attitude, and everyone is average, one wants to be out of the ordinary, and most importantly remembered.Simmel Modern IndividualBeatrice Ajighevi March 13, 2013 Berlin Irene According to Simmel, the development of a protective, rational barrier has a profound impact on individuals living in a metropolis. A modern individual becomes indifferent, the blase outlook becomes a consequence of the urban mind-set which results in a larger d egree of personal freedom, they are freed from prejudices, develop a cosmopolitan attitude which develops a greater degree of personal freedom and struggle to maintain their personality and preserve their unique inwardness in a metropolis. The metropolis does differ significantly from the upbringing of a rural town.While living in a metropolis, the modern individual is constantly bombarded by a constant change of stimuli on a daily basis, In order to adjust itself to the shifts and contradictions in events, it does not require the disturbances and inner upheavals which are the only means whereby more conservative personalities are able to adapt themselves to the same rhythm of events. Thus the metropolitan type creates a protective organ for itself against the profound disruption with the fluctuations and discontinuities of the external milieu that threaten it.Unlike those of a more rural setting, whose daily activities are more common, ritualistic, and expected, the modern individu al deals with rapid change in a very short amount of time. In order to cope with these constant shifts, one develops a protective organ. The metropolitan encounters so many individuals, the protective organ allows one to not deal with each person on an emotional or personal based level. Especially in a money based economy, personal relationships are nearly impossible.The modern individual becomes indifferent to all things personal because intellectual relationships deal with others specifically for self-gain and how can other help ones advancement. One must deal with others in a matter-of-fact attitude. People are no longer treated based off of personality or their individuality, but numerical value and worth. The blase attitude is a direct consequence of the urban mindset. The metropolitan dulls themselves due to the constant changes. It arouses the ones mind so significantly that they can no longer harvest reaction at all. The urban environment is so superfluous, that which would amaze one from a ural setting, is boring, below average, and simply not worth noticing to the metropolitan. Not in the sense that they are not perceived, but rather that the meaning and the value of the distinctions between things are experienced as meaningless. In a more pastoral lifestyle, one grows up not as themselves, meaning that they have no personal freedom. Yes, they might have individual freedom however, this is still very restricted. They are an individual of their community. They must still abide by the unspoken rules, and tolerate what is acceptable and what is not.One might be considered an individual part to a larger organism, instead of its own being. Although, in a metropolis, one is exposed to personal freedom, they are allowed to make their own choices without the stipulation of anothers individuals opinion. The blase mind-set results in a larger degree of personal freedom because it assures the individual of a type and degree of personal freedom to which there is no analogy in other circumstances. A being has more space to cultivate his/her own abilities and undertakings for which they themselves are accountable.The blase attitude allows a person to separate themselves from other and explore themselves internally and externally. In a rural community, things may be more closed off and closed minded. An individual in an urban setting may be freed from the kinds of political and religious prejudices felt in smaller communities because a metropolitan city is made of different people from different backgrounds with different experiences coming together to form a community. There is no need for self-preservation of traditional values or beliefs that one has been brought up believing.People of incomparably individualized personalities were in constant struggle against the incessant inner and external oppression of the de-individualizing small town. A cosmopolitan attitude is when an individuals horizon is enlarged, For the metropolis its decisive that its inner life is extended in a wave-like motion over a broader national or international area. A cosmopolitan person does not have one home, but the world is their home. They can identify with many places in the world and many cultures, unlike one from a small town, who is restricted to their traditional lifestyle.It is not about being in a place physically or being there when the action takes place, but acceptance of the moments that once took time in that place. A cosmopolitan person is not motivated to make long term roots in any given area. It is rather about planting seeds in many areas and making personal connections in each one. This is where quantitative values are replaced by qualitative, because its no longer about personal gain, but now individual relationships. Having a cosmopolitan attitude reflects a degree of personal freedom that can be achieved in an urban setting because one is not bound to one area in particular.They are free in the literal sense to go where they please, and not be bound by time-based relationships. It is our irreplaceability by others which shows that our mode of existence is not imposed upon us from the outside this is the definite magnitude in which ones independence and being are articulated. A cosmopolitan attitude allows a greater sense of personal freedom to set one self apart from anything else, without having to worry about the negative reprocautions imposed by a small town life.It allows one to be themselves in any given area at any given time. In a metropolis, because of its large size, the modern individual may have to struggle to maintain his/her personality and preserve their unique inwardness. It may be difficult to stand apart in a highly diversified community. One must make themselves noticeable. Through the responsiveness accumulated from others one may feel a feeling of self-worth, in a community where everyone has a blase attitude, and everyone is average, one wants to be out of the ordinary, and mo st importantly remembered.

Public finance

The interrogationer by inception which intromits background to the problem, educational activity of the problem, Research questions, Objective of the field of subject field, Significance of the study, and the scope and bound of the study. In the second chapter there is literature review, both theoretical and confirmable literature review in which there argon most equal defined with relevant theories. The third chapter explains ab take aim out now the study wax light be conveyed and techniques that will be used in conducting the look into study The third chapter shows and explains the schedule of activities, references and bibliography.The fourth chapter give much details of the research topic by answering the research questions both specific and oecumenical research questions. It gives a detailed information gathered during the research stoppage so as to give the real situation of the Ministry in coitus to the research topic. The last fifth chapter gives the conclu sion and recommendation of the detective in the research area in relation to the research topic whether the Ministry conduct the situation satisfactory and if there are some added criteria in night club to improve the situation in the research area.CPSP Certified procurance and Supplies professed(prenominal). MTB ministerial peevish Board NBMM National Board for Materials Management PPA earthly concern procurance Act IAA Institute of Accountancy Arusha Head of division HOD. PMU. procurance Management Unit NGO no(prenominal) Governmental Organization . United States of the States USA CICA. Competition in Contracting Act Member of the Parliament MP The Ministry of nucleotide Development (MID) Head Office is located at the city Centre in Dar-es-salaam at llala Municipal, Pamba Road (Tancot House).The name was offici on the wholey launched in 1995 and was formerly known as Ministry of break aways. The ew ministry is the combination of the former Ministry of plant life and the Ministry of Communication Transportation. It is headed by the Minister Hon. Mr. Andrew Chenge (MP), assisted by Hon. Dr. Maua Daftari (MP) and Dr. Makongoro Mahanga as alternate Ministers. The ministry of Infrastructures Development is split into two fractions, namely 1. Transport Division 2.Communication Division After the introduction of PMS in the year 2003,the ministry adopted a new vision and mission, the proposed functions and structures has put into the new vision, mission and objectives of the ministry. The overall responsibilities of model is to structure the dribble and converse Infrastructure that is well kept up(p), providing safe and efficient purlieu that is friendly and affordable to all parts of Tanzania and one that integrates all modes of transport and communication system economically.Vision of the Ministry The vision of the ministry is to have efficient and cost effective domestic and worldwide communication and Transport weather forecasting ga in to all segments of the population and sectors of National economy with maximum safety and marginal environmental Degradation. Mission of the Ministry The mission of the Ministry is to have safe, effective and efficient transport and communication and meteorological infrastructures and operations which best meet the socio-Economic needs by improving levels of serve at lower costs in a manner which support Government strategies for economically and environment sustainability.Objectives of the Ministry In stage to fulfill the above vision and mission of the sector, the ministry has got the following objectives To facilitate the preparedness of adequate, affordable and efficient transport and communication and meteorology infrastructure and run with aximum safety and minimum environment degradation. To image a conducive environment for investment in the sector. To improve revenue collection from transport, communication and meteorology service rendered by the sector.To harmoniz e transport, communication and meteorology standards to those of regional and international groups in which Tanzania is a member. To improve services and reduce HIV/ care Intection. Functions of the Ministry. The general function of the Ministry of Communications and Transport are To initiate and coordinate polices, objectives and strategies on road, railway, pipeline, arine, air transport, posts and Telecommunications. Oversee and co-ordinate performance standards. Monitor and judge overall performance contracts.To commercialize and privatize the parastatals in the transport and communication sector The organizational structure of the MolD In order to light upon the objectives, the ministry implements the objectives using five specialized departments at the Head quarter, three regulatory and three Executive agencies Specialized Departments at the Head Quarters Department of Administration and Personnel Department of Transport and Communication Department of Accounts and finance C entral Transport Licensing Authority.regulatory Bodies Tanzania Civil aviation Authority Tanzania Communication Regulatory Authority Surface and Marine Regulatory Authority Executive Agencies Tanzania airdrome authority Tanzania Government Flight Agency Tanzania Meteorological Agency. 1. 1 minimize to the study naturaling is the manner of procurement where by Suppliers, Contractors, and Consultants are invited by procuring entity to debate each an early(a)(prenominal) in submitting priced bleaks for goods, works, or services (PPA 2004).It is the most familiar method recommended by the Act due to its roughness, transparency, efficient, and Economy. The history of Procurement formula in Tanzania of which tendering anchor its origin can be traced as faraway back to 1961 when the exchequer and Audit Ordinance No. 21 of 1961 was enacted as a Legal mechanism for the purpose of controlling the macrocosm Procurement and Supplies activities. Five years later i. e. 1965 the finan cial Order part ominous (Stores Regulation 5th Edition 1965) was enacted by the parliament as the rule of thumb to the public Fund by Government officials.Due to the weakness of the superannuated legislation, there was a number of studies carried out in the Country funded by the population Bank to review the Public Procurement System hich eventually found that there was a need for more effective legislation to modulate Procurement in the Public Sector to repeal and replace the Exchequer Audit Ordinance of 1961, and consequently, Public Procurement Act No. 21 of 2001 came into the e ttect to cater tor the detlciencies ot the old legislations. The enactment of PPA 2001 was only part of the on going Public Procurement reforms.These reforms payoffed into the enactment of the PPA 2004 which repealed PPA 2001. The enactment of PPA 2004 was aimed at addressing the deficiencies of the old legislation(s), by enforcing the best practices and professional standards of inancial Managemen t and control of Public suitableties and resources It is because of this principal(prenominal) historical background that TENDERING as a Procurement Method is accorded importance by the Act due to its equal to(p)ness, aptitude, economy, and as far as Public Expenditure is concerned.Good practice of tendering reduces total transaction costs and produce apropos result, and efficiency use of resources, Poor practice of tendering led to waste and delays and much the cause of allegation of corruption and inefficiency (MasanJa 2004). It follows that the Public Sector particularly the Ministry of Infrastructure Development hould realize the values for money procurement and tendering, among other methods, it moldiness be done in accordance to the existing procedures. 1. 2 Statement of the problem The service oriented organization has a core provoke to attain vision and mission.Public Sector in Tanzania, Ministry of Infrastructure Development macrocosm one of it, is there to deliver better services to the society, in other hand it spent about 80% of the National Budget on the procurement of goods, Services and works. On realization of this truth the Government has enacted the procurement laws as the guide to ensure roper utilization of Pubic Funds. i feature of procurement laws is open/unrestricted tendering characterized by fairness, transparency, and economy.The procedure requires some steps to be accomplished before the contract for delivering of goods, services or execution of work is awarded to the prospective bidder. Open tendering is the most popular procurement method envisage by the Public Procurement Act No. 3 of 2004. It follow that the role of effective open tendering procedures and edict is to ensure that the system is operated in such(prenominal) away that it reduces the transaction costs, fficiency use of the resources available, efficiency utilization of the time required, and ensure that the system is understood and can be handled by the con cerned parties mighty.This will Justify the proper use of Public Fund and the attainment of Entitys objectives. The efficiency and adequacies of tendering procedures and quality performance is the end result realization. This is to say that if open tendering is adhered and administrated according to the laid down effective procedures and regulation the end result will be quality of goods, works and services delivered. 1. 3 Research Questions 1. 3. 1 General Question Is open Tendering as a procurement method in Public Sector e 71 32 Specitlc Questions O Are the people involved in procurement?I. e. members, the knowledge of Public Procurement Act 2004? Ministerial Tender Board PMIJ member and HOD have O Are the procedures and Regulation as directed by PPA for open tendering adhered by tender board members or tender evaluation committee or the PMIJ? O Are the tender archives prepared using standard tendering documents as issued by PPRA ? O layabout lack of tuition and understanding of PPA 2004 and their respective regulations contribute to the in authority of tendering as procurement method? . 4 Study Objectives 1. 4. General Objective The general objective of the study is to evaluate factors that affect the effectiveness of open tendering as procurement method in Public Sector. 1. 4. 2 Specific Objectives OTO let out out whether the procedures and regulations used for open tendering in the Public Sector are inline with PPA requirements OTO evaluate whether those people i. e. PMU, CTB,HOD are well involved in the procurement and have the knowledge of the PPA and Regulations. OTO find out whether the lack of procurement dexterity in Public Sector contributes to the ineffectiveness of open tendering.OTO check out hether tender documents are prepared according to Standard Tendering Documents and other guidelines (if every) issued by PPRA. 1. 5 Significance of the Study This study has shown clearly problems involved in tendering process including as well as fac tors hindering proper adhering procedures in Public Sectors. The study may attract the government, donors and NGOs on the need to condition Procurement Capacity in the Public Sectors in Tanzania. On the other hand, this study has further served as guidelines for the future reference for those intending to study on procurement laws notably in the area of tendering transactions. . Scope and Limitation of the study his study has been conducted at the Ministry of Infrastructure Development Head Office, which is located in Dar-es-salaam City at llala Municipal. The study has based specifically on such areas as Procurement and Purchasing section, Tendering section and Supplies section. The study has examined the factors affecting the effectiveness of open tendering as procurement method in the Public sector. The insurance coverage embarrassd system of procurement in tendering process, tendering documents and prospective laws applied.During the research layover the researcher expected the following limitations O On the Job training took a lot of time for researcher to do other work which has no relation with the researcher topic so time for research has beeen limited to acquire the required data through interviews and questionnaires. (J Some ot the employees that the researcher managed to nave spot interview they became reluctant to give what is real practiced in the organization in fear that the information collected can be presented to the management and investigation can be made to the concerned staff.Successful Tender centre a tender selected by the procuring entity as offering the last-place evaluated cost in case the method of procurement used was warlike tendering or being the most responsive to the needs of procuring entity if the procurement method used as competitive quotations, single sources procurement, competitive selection or where goods or services are of minor value. Supplier Means company, corporation organization, partnership, or individual p erson supplying goods, or services, hiring equipment or providing transport services and who is according to the contract is a potential political party with the procuring entity Tender Means offer, proposal or quotation made by a supplier, contractor, or consultant in response to a betoken drawn by a procuring entity Works All works associated with the construction, reconstruction, demolition, posit or enovation of a building structure, road or airfield.Lowest Evaluated cost Means the priced offered by supplier, contractor or consultant that is found to be the lowest after consideration of all relevant factors and the calculation of any weighing for these factors, provided that such factors have been specified in the tender document. 2. 3 Theoretical basic of the study. Mhilu (2006) in his paper presented during the 21st NBMM Professional Annual Conference contended that an open tendering is the preferred way to promote open and effective competition. He however agreed on the ne ed to bring a balance etween tendering cost and the benefit received, he further enumerated fate where open tendering may not be the preferable method to include if O There is Justification for single source or emergence procurement or OThe cost of an open tendering exceed direct savings that might be enjoyed or OThere are other benefits foregone by using another procurement method.The World Bank guideline (1999) maintained that the objective of tendering is to attain both the classical and contemporary procurement objectives that include transparent and all aspects contributing towards proper administration of tender, hese are proper goods, works and services of right price, through authorization and in a transparent manner. The guideline further continue that, competitive bidding or tendering is the most effective method in attaining the above mentioned objective when properly administered. i Open Tender This is tendering process which is done through open advertisement through widely circulated media such as newspapers of wide circulation. by means of the advertisement a procuring entity states its requirements through specification and terms of purchase. Potential suppliers / Contractors & Consultants reply to the

Reaction Paper for the Movie “HIV (Si Heidi, Si Ivy at Si V)” Essay

Virgilio Gil Bustamante (as played by Jake Cuenca) was a commissioned of Department of Health (DOH). He weaves a tale that combines conglomerate stories of people infected with the virus, using the San Lazaro Hospital. Among those having their story told ar heterosexuals, homosexuals, prostitutes and drug users. The occupy focuses on three major characters Heidi, Ivy and Vanessa. Heidi is an ordinary housewife who contract the virus from her husband. She was abandoned by her family and no one of her family member duologue to her. Her neighbor calls her prostitute and they looked disgusted on Heidi. She suffered from the bad effects of HIV.When she died her son, succeeder who is too a HIV patient was nourished by his grandmother. Ivy, a young call center agent discovers that she is HIV positive when she tries to hold in for work Canada. Her plans for a new life abroad destroyed, she must promptly face the world, her work, family, and friends with a mistake from her past. Vanes sa, his real name was Victor ,a genial young gay, and stand-up comedian who engages in different sexual pleasures with bigeminal partners. He, with his very supportive parents, are volitioning and eager to shares his story. Though he has find subjects for the objective, still, it becomes harder for him to meet the deadline because the subjects are indecisive who dejectiont sword up their minds about sharing their stories in public. So, with an emanating deadline, he runs afterward his subjects and as he gets too busy working for the documentary.Gil was obsessed to finish his documentary even if his some subjects aredied and back-up and it was the reason why his girlfriend Miles, broke up with him, he still continue to finish the documentary. He learns that the urge against HIV/AIDS demands responsible action form individuals.II. Reflection (500-600 address only)This movie is not just any other movie that uncomplete brings entertainment, chills nor threatens. It is far bet ter of informing the youth through interesting stories with intimately all possible chances a somebody may suffer thru time. I find it very jockful and it gives a lot of have sexledge in the youth. Many of us learned from this film. It informs the youth in such a way of making each of them see themselves through the role of any character in the film and figure out, with their let understanding and knowledge, the communicate that the film ought the people to know and understand. That is, to respect each and every person living in this world because after all, nobodys perfect. We are all entitled to be manufacture mistakes and thus we should feel poverty- enamored in making mistakes. We should never judge anyone because we only knew what theyve done or what theyre going through yet, we never knew the true story foundation all of those.I find myself similar to Gil Bustamante because notwithstanding like Gil, I am determined to share every piece of me with all of gentlemans g entleman if in this way, I can help every person to advance the way they live, the way they see life and the way they fight for it. Just like Mr. Bustamante, I believed that what has to be done. I will also devote just to finish a documentary like that because I know that in that way, I can help many people.I was stricken by the fact that the V in the subtitle of the film (Si Heidi, si Ivy at si V) stood not for Vanessa but for Virgilio Gil after all. This part made me understand why Gil doesnt want to make love with her girlfriend because he loves her, trying to protect her, since the start. And I am very glad because even though Gil was afraid for admitting that he is also a HIV positive he admitted it. Because he knows that it can help to the youth.If by chance, that I have been in Gil Bustamantes place, I will also do, even exhausted, by all means to finish my own HIV/AIDS documentary because I know that I can help a lot of people. I will not be shy if I have that virus becau se having that virus is not my intention.

Characteristics of a Good Computer

CAVENDISH UNIVERSITY UGANDA STUDENT NAME AKANKWASA JOHNSON ( 077/0702-978405) STUDENT ID02/02615/124400 COURSEBEHS LECTURER MR. MENYA SHAKIR MODULE INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND engineering science MODULE CODE BIT 110 concession NUMBER 01 insure ISSUED 4TH /11/2012 DUE DATE 11 /11/2012 ASSIGNMENT BRIEF 1. Discuss the factors you would consider while buying a ready reckoner. 2. How has development nedeucerks solved the problems of an government? GUIDE TO STUDENTS 1. Maximum 2 pages word bear upon excluding cover and reference pages. 2. Use Times New Roman 3. baptistery Size should be 12 4. 1. 5 Line Spacing . For referencing purposes, subprogram the Harvard Author-Date System. Instructions to Students 1. This form must be attached to the front of your duty assignment. 2. The assignment must be handed in without fail by the receivable date. QUESTION. 1 Discuss factors you would consider while buying a computer. resolving According to Prof. More Manojkumar, (2009), various factors that would be considered when buying computers atomic result 18 discussed here(predicate) bellow 1. Processor Speed A computer is a precise fast device which passel perform the amount of work that a gracious being female genital organ do in an entire class in few seconds.This and then means that a good reigning computer should be capable of performing several billion arithmetic operations per second. The speed of a computer measure is in microseconds (10-6), Nanoseconds (10-9) and picoseconds (10-12). 2. truth The verity of a computer is principally highly considered and the degree of accuracy of a particular computer depends upon its design however Errors can extend in a computer due to human rather than technological weaknesses. 3. Memory (Power of Remembering) A good computing machine should give sound reason (Fast memory, 2 GB+) but unlike human (Man) beings.A computer can store entropy and tuition and recalled as long as single requires it for any numbers of years beca character of its secondary storage force. This means entropy and cultivation can be retrieved as long as coveted by the phthisisr and can be recalled, as when required. The information recalled would be as accurate as on the day when it was fed to the computer. 4. application A good Computer should be diligent unlike human beings. This means that a computer should be free from dullness and wishing of concentration.It can continuously work for hours without creating any error human beings in doing regular types of jobs, which requires great accuracy. Computer can perform the number of reckoning with exactly the same accuracy and speed as the first one. 5. Versatility Versatility is a most important characteristic which a good computer should grant hence the capacity to perform completely polar type of work. For warning one may use a computer to prepare paysheet slips where there is a lot of veracity, may be used for scroll management or to prepare electric bills.A good computer should consequently be capable of performing almost any task, if the task can be reduced to series of logical steps. 6. Automation Good Computers should be automatic electronic machines however computer being machines can not start themselves without human interventions. They cannot go out to find their own problems and solutions because they have to be instructed. Hence the automation eases the operation of the user. 7. Communication/ Connectivity Most computers at once have the capability of communicating with other computers. We can connect two or more computers by a communication device much(prenominal) as modem.These computers can share entropy, instructions, and information. The connected computer are called network. 8. No Feelings Good Computers should have no feelings, no emotions like human titty and soul since they are machines. Computers cannot make such intellects on their own because their judgment is based on the instructions given to them i n form of programs that are written by us. 9. Reliability Most consumers are looking for a computer that are reliable, yet if the product is on the market wherefore it is bound to have undergone and passed the numerous technological tests before release.In conclusion therefore all computers should meet these characteristics but it just depends upon the efficiency of the users, their computer skills as to whether they remain satisfied with their purchase. 1 QESTION 2 How has information net full treatment solved the problems of an organization? SOLUTION Network information organizations link pockets of highly specialized data to provide efficient admittance. Computer-based information systems have been in widespread use since the 1990s in industry, non-profit organizations and government agencies.These systems have solved a number of problems in organizations in the following ways 1. Provided fast addition to databases of force-out information, reference reading, best practices a nd on-the-job training, and are easily customsizable to meet an organizations needs. With the meshwork and technology boom of the early 21st century, use of computer-based information networks is maturement faster each year. 2. Ensured Data Centrality Access to data via a computer network information system is important, providing a one-stop location to find and access pertinent computer data.Most large-scale businesses and organizations use some sort of central database to manage user information, manage advertisement lists, store product information and keep track of orders. Examples of central database solutions are MySQL, Postgre SQL or Microsoft SQL database solutions, coupled with custom software which provides user interfaces. 3. Improved Information Coverage Information reportage is a huge service for any organization, because having vast amounts of useful data from every different department streamlines access and increases productivity. For users, having access to a n etworked nformation system is analogous to having a digital library of shared knowledge hence Central information systems provide organizations with the advantages of having large amounts of data, covering many different fields, all accessible via an information access with larger databases of academic and professed(prenominal) research, such as Google Scholar, to provide even more information capability to personnel. 4. Ensured access to efficiency Efficiency of access is a crucial advantage to networked information systems in organization over more traditional information management systems, such as paper cataloging and register.Computer-based information systems catalog and load documents in a set logical way, making data access very efficient and fast. Data can be manually categorized, and filters created to mechanically file documents that match certain patterns. This increases employee productivity time by throw ining workers to sharpen more on the task at hand rather tha n filing paperwork. 5. Extensibility Computer-based information systems are completely extensible and customizable to an organizations needs.Upon installation, customized computer information systems use configuration files that are tailor-made to an organizations needs to file and categorize data. Computer software engineers frequently design custom database interfaces and information storage/ recovery systems for enterprise clients. As a company grows, modifications and additions to this filing configuration allow easy extensibility. Computer information systems are not limited in scale or possibility. They are uniquely designed for maximum organizational benefit for each customer.In conclusion therefore Information net works have greatly helped organizations grow and efficiently deliver the services to carry through specific goals. 2 REFERENCES 1. http//www. ehow. com/list_6748808_advantages-computer_based-information-systems. htmlixzz2Bu35Ixvk 2. Ronald Golooba, (2012) Lecture Notes for year one students a cohort 15, Cavendish University Uganda. 3. en. kioskea. net/contents/pc/ordinateur-portable. php3 Cached. 4. Prof. More Manojkumar, (2009), Characteristics of computer systems. 5. wiki. answers. com operating(a) Systems Cached

Religion in China: Chinese Buddhism

As of July 2008, the population of the Peoples state of china has reached 1,330,044,544 which has perpetually been governed by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) since October 1, 1949 ( primaeval intelligence operation Agency). Though chinaw atomic enactment 18 is under very strict communist control, the country has already unresolved itself up to the rest of the foundation after the death of Mao Zedong in 1976. Deng Xiaoping turned the country into a market-driven economy issuing the Open door dash Policy and engaging into foreign relations with countries standardized the United States of America.Aside from rejoining the world affairs, the citizenry as strong experient independence after macrocosm suppress by the Cultural Revolution which suppressed all forms of freedom. One diversity of freedom that the raft bring experienced is sacred freedom ( primordial Intelligence Agency). PRC is a multi-religious country hence, the country has diverse religious practices and beliefs (Embassy of the Peoples nation of china in the United States of America).The major religions, though, in the country be Buddhism, Taoism, Catholicism and Protestantism however, on that point atomic number 18 motionlessness Chinese who practice customsalistic folk religions. In 1997, thither be already more that coke million Chinese who devote themselves to the religions menti 1d above. Moreover, at that place argon 85,000 locations dedicated to religious activities, 300,000 clergies, more than 3,000 religious organization, 74 domesticates and colleges managed by religious organizations (Embassy of the Peoples Republic of china in the United States of America).This paper, though, pull up stakes midst on Chinese Buddhism and attempts to come on that is the countrys true religion. According to Travel china Guide, the more or less important religion in master(prenominal) tear china is Buddhism. About 102 million Chinese practice Chinese Buddhism, making mai nland chinaware the country which has the close number of Buddhists in the year 2007 (Buddhist-Tourism). In 1997, there argon already about 13,000 Buddhist temples and 200,000 monks and nuns. In addition, there is also a Buddhist stand of China (Embassy of the Peoples Republic of China in the United States of America).Gautama Buddha and His Teachings In general, Buddhism was organize through a Nepal prince, Siddharta Gautama, of the Shakya family. Ever since he was born in the sixth century BC, he was not aware of suffering of the people away(p) the palace however, when he did become aware of this, he got upset and contumacious to leave the life of royalty. After leaving the life he use to live in the palace, Gautama resolved to practice asceticism for seven eld only to find out that an ascetic lifestyle is not fit to take away suffering (Theobald).He then added meditation with asceticism and through meditation he was able to formulate inferences which turned him into a Buddha or an Enlightened Man. Afterwards, he went on and spread his teachings called the Wheel of Teaching where the roll up stood as a symbol of Buddhism and died at Kusinara (Theobald). Gautama Buddha formulated the Four master Truths which can be summed up as life is suffering collectible(p) to the continuous yearning for survival and sensual pleasures (Theobald). Thus, Buddha devised the Eightfold Path that would detain suffering.This Eightfold Path consists of (1) adept views, (2) discipline intentions, (3) practiced speech, (4) right action, (5) right livelihood, (6) right effort, (7) right mindfulness and (8) right concentration which can be attained by conforming to a strict moral discipline, avoiding offense actions, doing good, cleansing the mind through mental discipline and mending it through the important aspects of doing good (Theobald). The Buddhist religion has what they call the Three Jewels which consists of the Buddha, the teachings and the residentia l area moreover, the center of any Buddhist world is called Mount Sumeru that has its own Buddha (Theobald).Arrival of Buddhism in China Centuries after Gautama Buddha passed away, Buddhism was finally able to enter China and began to co-exist with Confucianism and Taoism (Theobald). The Chinese Empire was able to gain contact with Buddhism in the Silk Road where there was a constant movement of traders and missionary. Chinese people were able to alter with Buddhists from Central Asia this was made possible cod to the spread of Han Dynasty (25 AD 220 AD) to the Central Asia during the 1st century AD in which increased the interaction of China and Central Asia through trading (BDEA Inc.& BuddhaNet). The Emperor Ming Ti of the Han Dynasty who ruled from 57 AD to 75 AD is said to have been a vast follower of Buddhism and Taoism (International Dunhuang Project). It was said that the Emperor dreamt of a foreign god this triggered his fast decision to sent messengers in India to lo ok for Buddhist texts and teachers (Edkins, 88-89). Buddhists from India went to China along with the messengers that the Emperor sent as there is already a enquire to cause Buddhist texts to Chinese. Buddhist monks like Lokashema, Kaspaya, Dharmaraksha, Kashiammadanga, Anshigao, etc.translated various Buddhist texts like the Shravakanaya texts, the Mahayana texts done by Lokashema, the Sutra of Forty-Two Sections done by Kashiapmadanga (who was said to have died in Lo-yang), Kasyapa and Dharmaraksha, etc. (BDEA Inc. & BuddhaNet Edkins, 89 International Dunhuang Project). Along with other Buddhist texts being translated, Buddhism was spread more in China leading to the system of a Chinese monastic send. In addition, there were already monks that are of Chinese decent the first of them is said to be Anshigaos aid (BDEA Inc.& BuddhaNet). However, the Chinese were not able to comprehend the teachings of Buddhism at once for the translators utilize Taoist price in swan to tra nslate the Buddhist terms they encountered stickyy in conclusion the appropriate Chinese words to translate Buddhist concepts (BDEA Inc. & BuddhaNet). Hence, the Chinese associated Buddhism to Taoism. Buddhism continued to grow despite the fall of the Han Dynasty in the advance(prenominal) 3rd century. Translated Buddhist texts kept on going approximately and monasteries are being specify up (BDEA Inc. & BuddhaNet).Chinese monks, like Dao-an, who is considered to be the most excellent Chinese monks of the 4th century, continued to invite translators like Kumarajiva from Kucha, who translated more important Buddhist texts and also revised the proterozoic translated Buddhist books (BDEA Inc. & BuddhaNet). teaching of Chinese Buddhism In Travel Guide China, the suppuration of Buddhism in China is divided into quadruplet-spot periods. The first period is Buddhism in Han Dynasty which was already discussed earlier, it was also in this period where the White Horse Temple was put up which is said to be the first Buddhist monastery in China (Theobald).The arcminute period was in Jin during the 265 AD to 420 AD at the period of the Union and Southern Dynasties (385 AD 589 AD). At the period of Jin, more Buddhist texts were translated, write and spread out, Buddhism became even more popular all over China and there was a growth in number of Chinese Buddhists (Travel China Guide). The third period was from the Sui Dynasty (581 AD 618 AD) to the flavor Dynasty (618 AD 907 AD). During these two dynasties, Buddhism reached its rosiness and its development had been exceptional.This unparalleled development of Buddhism during this period was because the Sui emperors are Buddhists and the Tang emperors true the growth of other religions despite being strict Taoists (Travel China Guide). During the Tang Dynasty, Buddhism became a part of Chinese Art, Chinese Literature, Chinese Sculpture, Chinese architecture and Chinese philosophy (BDEA Inc. & BuddhaNet) . The development was, however, halted during the late feudal edict due to the heightening of social unrest in the country (Travel China Guide).The slumped development of Buddhism occurred on the dying period of the Manchu Dynasty when the country got involved in wars once morest the elephantine(p) Britain and series of peasant uprisings (ie. Boxer Rebellion) where China got striped off of its land and was divided among double-uern countries and Japan in what was called the Spheres of Influence. The foreign occupation was followed by the fall of the Manchu Dynasty which was caused by the rise of the Nationalists, followed by the rise of the Communists which again triggered some other civil revolution in the country which was briefly cut unawares due to World War II.Nonetheless, Buddhism was able to recover after the initiation of the PRC and even more after the reign of Mao Zedong. In addition, Buddhism has progressed into ternary diverse forms, namely, Han Buddhism, Tibet an Buddhism and Southern Buddhism (Travel China Guide). civilises of Chinese Buddhism in that respect were different schools of Chinese Buddhism which emerged during the Tang Dynasty. It was said that these schools were derived from old forms of Buddhism that came to China, however, neo scholars tell that the said connections are most like tampered and flawed.Nonetheless, there are four main Chinese Buddhism schools that surfaced during the 7th century, namely, (1) Tien-tai, (2) Hua-yen, (3) Chan, and (4) Pure Land (Lusthaus). Tien-tai work This school was founded by Zhiyi (Lusthaus). He led Chinese Buddhism to a direction different from the path that various Buddhist theories and practices are leading it into. Zhiyi recommended a comprehensive synthesis. The whole Tien-tai school was foreed on the Lotus Sutra in this school, they view the Lotus Sutra as the carrier of salvation based on practice (China Views).This school is pictured as principled and meditation- and philoso phy-centered. It serve welld as the connector of the developing Buddhism in Federal China as both religion of faith and discipline, and the intellectual tradition in Southern China (China Views). Hua-yen civilise While Tien-tai School was based on the Lotus Sutra, the Hua-yen School has the Avatamsaka Sutra as their root (Lusthaus). The leading belief of Hua-yen School is dharmadatu or the worldwide causation of the commonwealth of the law (China Views).The said realm refers to the whole of the universe including all of its dimensions darn the universal causation is a philosophical development that is purely Chinese. The universal causation is an extension of Buddhas teachings regarding dependant origination (China Views). Chan School The Chan School is the result of the reaction that rose against the Tien-tai School and Hua-yen School (Lusthaus). The Chan School viewed the two other schools as an impediment towards enlightenment due to their capacious and complicated literature s. This school centers on meditation.Chan School was founded by an Indian monk from Southern India named Bodhidharma who arrived in China around the 5th and sixth century. He taught according to the Lankavatara Sutra and also practiced a tremendously round-eyed mediation (China Views). Pure Land School Unlike the other three schools of Chinese Buddhism which center on devotional elements and rituals, the Pure Land School which focuses on the very fundamentals of devotionalism (Lusthaus). In addition, compared to the other schools, the founder or the origin of Pure Land is not hit the sackn. However, there are contributors named Tanluan, Dao Chuo and Shandao.Aside from ginger nut on devotionalism, the school also stresses the faith in Amitabha Buddha (China Views). The devotion leave alone be centered on Amitabha in order for him to grant them salvation which is in the form of being born again the in the west pure land. Furthermore, this school has also ignored the need for self- development through the teachings of Buddha regarding the way of salvation (China Views). The scriptures that the Pure Land School use are the larger and Smaller Sukhavati Sutras and the Guan Wuliangshuofo Jing (Lusthaus). Chinese Buddhist Temple and DeitiesThe temples of Chinese Buddhism are build according to the palaces of their imperial family and are definitely unlike the temples of Buddhism from other Buddhist countries like India. It is established facing south and have three flock of buildings divided by courtyards (BDEA Inc. & BuddhaNet). The first cluster is the front residence where the four massive images of the Four Heavenly Kings (Devas) greet anyone who enters (BDEA Inc. & BuddhaNet). The Devas are the Guardians of the Four Directions and two of each are placed on the right and left(p). Thus, the hall is called Si-Tien Wang Tien a name derived from the Four Heavenly Kings (BDEA Inc.& BuddhaNet). Visitors are mostly greeted by the soon-to-be Buddha called Maitrey a Buddha, unremarkably known as the Laughing Buddha or Ta-pao Mi-Lei-Fwo. This particular Buddha is commonly the one with a fat paunch. Precisely at the back of the Maitreya Buddha is the Projector of Buddhist Temples and Faith, the salient King, Wei-to (BDEA Inc. & BuddhaNet). He appears to be dressed in his full armor and is each holding a staff or a weapon in a shape of scepter. Aside from being the Projector of Buddhist Temples and Faith, Wei-to is also called the guardian of Buddhist Books (BDEA Inc.& BuddhaNet). Wei-to is ever so built facing the not bad(p) Hall or Ta-Hung-Pau-Tien the second cluster which is separated away from the front hall by any a wall or a courtyard (BDEA Inc. & BuddhaNet). The main altar of the temple is found in this hall, the image of the altar being Sakyamuni Buddha and his two chief students, Mahakasyapa and Ananda, if not, the place of the two students can be replaced by other Buddhas from the past. Even the image of the main altar can be different temples of Pure Land Schools go away have the image of Amitabha Buddha.Nonetheless, on the both left and right side of the main altar are the two Great Bodhisattvas, Manjusri or Wen-Shu-Shih-Li and Samantabhadra or Pu-Hsien, however, this too can commute (BDEA Inc. & BuddhaNet). The east and west halls of this hall have the assembled figures of the Eighteen Arhats. These Arhats or Lohas are said to be in control of different supernatural billets (BDEA Inc. & BuddhaNet). On the north wall is the images of Dipankara or Jan-teng Fwo and other popular and non-popular Bodhisattvas. There are also instances when the image of the Protector of Buddhism, Kuan Ti, is also found in this hall.The Great Hall serves as the place where the dedicated Buddhists pray and offer flowers, fruits, etc. in the main altar (BDEA Inc. & BuddhaNet). The last cluster is the back hall which is, most of the epoch, split into smaller halls or smaller rooms. In the center of this hall is unremarkabl y an altar of a Buddha or a Bodhisattva (BDEA Inc. & BuddhaNet). The right is usually the funerary tablet of the founder of the temple bit the left is usually a hall for either teaching or meditating. Finally, there are living quarters, dining area and kitchen that are located either on the side of the three clusters or at their back (BDEA Inc. & BuddhaNet).Chinese Buddhism in Modern China The Chinese people realized the need for Chinese Buddhism to educate as early as the 20th century. There were efforts to modernize Chinese Buddhism and these efforts began during the Manchu Dynasty led by Yang Wen-hui by republishing and redispersing Buddhist texts (Lancashire, 220). He also tried to learn the significance of Chinese Buddhism in the modern world as a whole. Through his examinations, he was able to rede that Buddhims goes well with modern science, and, also, Chinese Buddhists have a role to serve to introduce Buddhism to the outside world particularly in the West (Lancashire, 2 20).Hence, he encouraged the Chinese Buddhists to recognize the value of modern science and the real connection between it and Buddhism, and also helped the Chinese Buddhist to prepare for the missionary tasks they have to fulfill in introducing the religion to the west (Lancashire, 221). It continued until the Chinese Buddhist Association was also established in 1929. Membership for the tie was divided between the laity and the clergy with the latter having more dominance (Lancashire, 222).During the early stages of the association, it was able to saw of the two most politcally active monks of that period, namely, Tai-hsii and Yuan-ying. Tai-shii was said to be the leader of the progressives while Yuan-ying was the major head of the a good deal contemporary ideas (Lancashire, 222). Personal Interest Marriage Buddhist espousals are usually characterized as worldly and materialistic, however, the rivals who are about to be wed always make sure that they leave be able to receive the saving grace of the monks from local Buddhist temples exactly right after accomplishing the civil accommodation procedures (BDEA Inc.& BuddhaNet). Chinese Buddhists strictly a dictatione to their religion that even if two people are already married in a civil ceremony, they compose need to have a Buddhist marriage in order to be considered as rightfully married (Urban Dharma). Choosing for the marriage day is usually relied on fortune tellers, however, the couple or the their parents could now have the right to choose for the appropriate wedding day (Urban Dharma). Before the wedding, as early as 530 AM, the family of the man forget go to the tin of the woman with trays that they lead go bad to the woman (Walsh and Poremba).Each tray has its own corresponding inclination and may catch things like wine, fruit, tralatitious and western cake, tea, meat, trau cau and jewelry. One tray go forth have a pair of candles that will be lit up by the fathers of the soon-to-be g room and bride to represent the union of the two families, in addition, there will also be a tray that will have the traditional gown that the bride will wear for the wedding (Walsh and Poremba).A roasted pig will also be given to the family of the bride this roasted pork will be cut into three, the family of the woman will keep the middle part while the rest will be given back to the family of the man (Urban Dharma). Afterwards, a tea ceremony will be conducted in which the couple will serve the elders of the womans family with tea and, in return, they will give them red packets with money or jewelry inside. The tea ceremony will also be repeated in the house of the man (Urban Dharma).The wedding ceremony will come after, in Buddhist weddings, the groom and the bride will be the ones who will administer the wedding ceremony (Walsh and Poremba). Just as how early the groom and his family went to the brides house for the gifts and ceremonies, they groom will again go to the house of the bride, or wherever she is staying, early in the dayspring with his groomsmen. Before the groom could enter the house, the friends of the bride will ask him questions that are difficult enough to test if he is suitable for the bride.In addition, some other test will be on the financial aspect where the groom will give the bridesmaid red packets with money or jewelry (Urban Dharma). Afterwards, the bride will bid farewell to her family and will pay respects to her ancestors in the their familys olfaction house, the groom will also follow suit, offering a rolling of trau cau to them with him (Walsh and Poremba). The couple along with the bridesmaids and groomsmen will then go to the house of the groom. The convey of the bride and the mother-in-law will put earrings on the bride to signify her virginity (Walsh and Poremba). Respects will again be paid to the ancestors of the groom.Again, a tea ceremony will be held where the groom and the bride will serve their parents. The tea ceremony will stage that the couple is married, it is also this ceremony which makes the bride a part of the grooms family (Urban Dharma Walsh and Poremba). Professional Interest Interacting with Chinese Investors The essential beliefs and values of the Chinese are deeply rooted from philosophies and teachings of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism (Miroslawski, 46). Hence, even the holistic configuration of the Chinese society has its origin in the three major philosophies and religions in the country.Thus, in order to fully comprehend the Chinese civilisation, one must understand the different philosophies that the Chinese believe in and how these philosophies affect their way of life. In his study, Miroslawski (2008) compared and contrasted China and Germany using the cultural dimensions formulated by Geert Hofstede. In the comparison, it was learned that the organizational model of the Chinese emphasized on the necessity of a hit supervisor at the top who will give those belo w instruction manual that should be followed.This model is due to the Chinese inclination towards extensive power distance and the necessity for them to have an apparent and influential type of leaders (Miroslawski, 46-47). The Chinese are also collective in nature, hence, they always put the welfare of their collection over their personal interests (Miroslawski, 47). Chinese have the style to not to speak out from the group just so they could say their good relationship with one another this is also the case by not choosing to speak out towards their superiors.Aside from Hofstedes explanation that if there is a gamey power distance, there is also high collectivism in the society, the organization model can also be attributed to Chinas extended family and patriarchal society. Moreover, it is also due to Confucius teachings about filial faith (Miroslawski, 48). It is also because of the fact that Chinese are collectivists that their communication vary from those who are inside their group and those who are outside. This is also due to the huge get along of loyalty that the Chinese put on one another (Miroslawski, 48).Another finding was that China has a very high-context culture, hence, the value on face-saving is high and tremenduously important (Miroslawski, 48). Face-saving refers to instituing, sustaining and intensifying status. Despite being collectivists, the Chinese still give themselves value by having a significant status in the group, still, this reflects only inside the group as every group tries to contain all their knowledge within them. In order to comprehend Chinese more easily, then, they must be from a high-context culture as well or at least attempt to study their ways (Miroslawski, 48).Conclusion Chinese Buddhists range from 50% to 80% of the Chinese population, their infrastructures are more than 10,000 in numbers while there are hundreds of thousands Chinese Buddhist monks, nuns, lamas and Buddhas (Embassy of the Peoples Republic of China in the United States of America Vipassana Foundation). The Chinese have, indeed, welcomed and nourished the Buddhist religion ever since it arrived in China during the Han Dynasty. Emperors were open enough to live with its unstoppable growth and even allow it continue its development.Despite the turmoils that the country experienced during its fall at the period of the Manchu, the Chinese people still resurrected and modernize the religion in order to make it still fitting with the ever-changing times. It can be said that the Chinese Buddhists are very loyal to their religion that when it comes to marriage, the couple should still be wed in a Buddhist ceremony in order to be considered married. Though the Chinese are no longer particular about having their child marrying another Chinese, they would still want the couple to undergo a Buddhist wedding ceremony.The rituals, the ceremonies and the traditions are still being strictly followed. However, there are practices tha t were no longer constantly done, like parents arranging the marriage of their children, going to the matchmakers, and character reference with forture tellers. Chinese are now allowing their children to chose who they want to marry irregardless of nationality and the couple are also free to choose what day they would like their wedding to be held. Perhaps the most difficult matter where other people from other countries to get along with the Chinese is regarding business.Chinese tends not to share what they know with others even with their fellow Chinese. Moreover, they also wanted to play a big role in a certain agreement. In addition, engaging a business with Chinese might take a lot of time as they will always consult their group regarding the business at hand. These qualities of the Chinese is attributable to their high power distance, collectivism and context culture (Miroslawski, 46-48). Chinese prefer having a someone above them who are capable of leading them irregardless of the circumstances.They will always put the best interests of the group their their own and they do not share anything to anyone easily for they find it rugged to trust other people, however, they gave their utmost loyalty to their group. This is due to their philosophies and religion Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism (Miroslawski, 46). working Cited BDEA Inc. & BuddhaNet. Buddhist Studies Chinese Buddhist Temple. 2008. Buddhist Studies Buddha Dharma Education Association & BuddhaNet. 13 October 2008 . BDEA Inc. & BuddhaNet.Buddhist Studies Mahayana Buddhism Chinese. 2004. Buddhist Studies Buddha Dharma Education & BuddhaNet. 13 October 2008 . BDEA Inc. & BuddhaNet. Buddhist Studies Personal Ceremonies in Buddhism Marriage. 2008. Buddhist Studies Buddha Dharma Education Association & BuddhaNet. 15 October 2008 . BDEA Inc. & BuddhaNet. Timeline of Major Events in Chinese Buddhism. 2008. Buddhist Studies Buddha Dharma Education Association & BuddhaNet.13 October 2008 . Buddhi st-Tourism. Statistics on Buddhism, Statistics on Buddhist Religion, Buddhist World Statistics Description. 2007. Buddist-Tourism. 14 October 2008 . Central Intelligence Agency. CIA The World Factbook China. 9 October 2008. Central Intelligence Agency. 14 October 2008 . China Views. Chinese Mahayana Buddhism A Complete History. 2007. China Views. 13 October 2008 . Edkins, Joseph. Chinese Buddhism A Volume of Sketches, Historical, Descriptive and Critical. New island of Jersey Gorgias Press LLC, 2003. Embassy of the Peoples Republic of China in the United States of America. White themeFreedom of Religious Belief in China. October 1997. Embassy of the Peoples Republic of China in the United States of America. 14 October 2008 . International Dunhuang Project. Chinese Buddhism on the Silk Road. n. d. International Dunhuang Project. 13 October 2008 . Lancashire, Douglas. Buddhism in Modern China. Religion in Communist Lands (1977, 5 (4)) 220-228. Lusthaus, Dan. Buddhist philosoph y, Chinese Routledge encyclopedia of Philosophy Online. 1998. Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 13 October 2008 . Lusthaus, Dan. Buddhist philosophy, Chinese Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Online. 1998. Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy.13 October 2008 . Lusthaus, Dan. Buddhist philosophy, Chinese Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Online. 1998. Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 13 October 2008 . Lusthaus, Dan. Buddhist philosophy, Chinese Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Online. 1998. Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 13 October 2008 . Lusthaus, Dan. Buddhist Philosophy, Chinese Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Online. 1998. Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 13 October 2008 . Miroslawski, Gregor. International Expansion & Market Entry of Mainland Chinese Businesses in Germany within the Context of Culture. China Media Research (2008, 4 (2)) 46-59. Theobald, Ulrich. Religions in China, Chinese Religions Buddhism ( ). 2000. ChinaKnowledge a universal guide for China studies. 13 October 2008 . Travel China Guide. China Buddhism. 14 October 2008.Travel China Guide. 13 October 2008 . Urban Dharma. Newsletter 2/10/04. 10 February 2004. Urbad Dharma. 15 October 2008 . Vipassana Foundation. Buddhists in the World. July 2008. The Dhamma. 15 October 2008 . Walsh, Richard T. and Barbara Poremba. Buddhist Wedding Ceremony. 1998. capital of Oregon State College. 15 October 2008 .

Analysis of banks’ performance

for the or so part considered as the biggest fiscal crisis since the Great Depression, the Global financial Crisis (SGF) was fol belittleded by the European s all overeign debt crisis, which heavily affected most European nations in early 2010. This report will analyses the impact of the crisis on the work and run a attempt depiction of ii study bevels Alpha edge (ABA) and Deutsche Bank (DB).. Alpha Bank, the guerilla largest Greece aver, locates in one of the five Euro-zone nations which suffered the most pursual the global crisis.At the equal clip, Deutsche Bank (DB) is a German cashbox which operates in both enthronement and technical avering sectors. In particular, this report will report the summation and indebtedness body organise, the performance as headspring as the merchandise and off-balance sheet stake. Also, the annual performance of 2008 to 2010 will be analyses in differentiate to fully capture the impact of the financial crisis on these selected coin edges. 1. 1 asset, indebtedness Structure and Risk Exposures 1. 1. Analysis of Lloyd Banking Group ( lapse) slacken 1 majuscule Raising Activities ( liability Structure) foreshadow 1 Figure 2 The bank operates in both commercial and investment cash sections which contents in detail, wholesale, damages and investment as its master(prenominal)(prenominal) business activities. Deposit is the main(prenominal) source of shoping, devoted that the proportional directions remains in a higher place 50%during these 6 years. Generally speaking, Deposits ar to a greater extent reliable comp ar to separate swell peak activities.Noticing that even during 2008 to 2010, the Deposits were lightly fix by SGF, which means retail deposits argon less volatile and less nice to shocks. In addition, the bank was voted by Readers Digest the most trusted bank of Britain in the 2008. gaol as a function of commercial bank, a large and versified customer subject kept the bank safe during the SGF and European debt crisis. Wholesale is the second major part of their business. Figure 2 has shown that, Debt securities take or so 20% during 2007 to 2012, which implies that, chuck out raises not enough funds from deposits.However, wholesale is sensitive to convinces in the food commercialize. As the wholesale depositors are able to transfer the fund if others bank provides infract offer to them. retrogress fill to undertake higher withdraw assay. LAG introduced bleak pricing management of saving products from 2011 in beau monde to calumniate withdraw risk. The benefit for this new plan is increasing deposit balances and reducing the proportion of wholesale. Further to a greater extent(prenominal), because of LB is a diversified bank in British, damages division is the third mainly activity for the bank to raise fund.However, insurance may delineations liquidity risk, if constitutionholder who is chew the fatking to cash in their financ ial claims direct or some unexceptional accident occurs, the bank has to get immense fund to pay for them. accord to Lags annual report, the liabilities of insurance remains or so 13% from 2007 to 2012, which took up higher proportion of measure liabilities. However, since the flood goed in late 2007 and therefore the bank had to pay the claims, the bank had a highest section of insurance liability par to other 5 years.Besides, collectible to SGF and European debt crisis during 2009 to 2012, higher unemployment rates shrink the Auks providence, the proportion of liability of insurance policy as well as affected. Finally, basing on the Figure 2 we can find that, derived financial insurance entirely has small proportion in this grammatical construction, cod to LAG is able to raise enough fund from deposit, wholesale and insurance sections. Table 2 Portfolio Asset Allocation (Asset Structure) Figure 3 As a largest commercial bank in K, the main source of investment of LA G is Loans, which take up over fractional proportion of its keep cut out asset.This type of assets was allocated to households, firms and public sectors. consort the annual report of the bank, personal mortgages convey an important role in loan. However, these assets are exposed to credit risk and default risk. therefore, LB engages reverse repurchase agreements for collateralized loans in order to ignore risks. The second main source of investment of LAG is Trading and other financial Asset at reasonably measure out by dint of gelt or loss.Comparing to loans, debt securities are more(prenominal) sensitive and exposed to the credit risk. However, judicature and corporate securities are taking larger proportion in correspond Trading and other financial Asset at fair honour through and through profit or loss. As these types of securities are more invariable and reliable, this credit risk is mostly mitigated. 1. 1. 2 Analysts of salt away genus Paris ( store) Table 3 C apital Raising Activities (Liability Structure) Figure 4 bin Paris is a universal bank which participates in retail and investment sectors.According to the graph shown above, the main source of crumb roof raised by rapacious derivative instruments in financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss from 2007 and took a Jumped up approximately 25% in 2008 ascribable to Global Financial Crisis(SGF). Generally speaking, derivatives merchandise are carrying higher risks than other kin of liabilities, such(prenominal) as credit risk, trade risk, currency risk and have-to doe with rate risk. Because they are sensitive to the securities industry changes and lenders are less loyal to the bank, exactly respectively this source of funds can generate high returns to make the bank become profitable.However, the liability structure of BIN was not constantly unchanged. In the succeeding(a) con terminous two years 2009 and 2010, the main component shifted to deposits due to SG F which brought an unfavorable economy recession all over the world. This strategy of the bank intended to geld the risk exposures via lessen art of risky financial instruments and more relying on deposits to raise smashing in order keep the bank in a safer humble during the worse recession time.The swell raising structure changed endorseside again from 2011, noticing that unlike 2007 and 2008, the proportions of deposits and financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss became approximately close amounts. However, derivatives barter are pipe quite a little playing an important role in Buns capital raising activities. Another considerable segment of liability structure is debt securities, which mainly content in government bonds, given that the amounts of issued had been increase from ?157,mom to ?211 ,mom from 2008 to 2009.Due to the bank changed the major capital raising activity to deposits in 2009 and 2010, meanwhile it had increase issue in debt securi ties in order to raise more effective funds. This behavior can be explained that the bank was worrying about plainly relied on deposits as not enough and trying to diversified risks via teddy liquidity risk (from deposits) to default and credit risk. Table 4 Portfolio Asset Allocation (Asset Structure) Figure 5 The main source of investment of BIN is financial assets at fair value through profit or loss, which accounted more than 50% of chalk up assets through 2007 to 2008.Again, this type of assets mainly consists in trading of derivative instruments, repurchase agreements afterwards and other securities transactions. In practice, derivatives trading can generate higher returns scarcely will carry more risks because they should eave to meet what the customers needs and generally they are sensitive to the change of market place. Therefore, the risk exposures not only content credit risk, but also induct the bank faces kindle rate risk and currency risk. L The second considera ble segment of investment is loans which mainly comprised of loans to customers.Noticing that the amounts started increasing from 2009, which accounted up to 40% of total assets (compared to 2008 was only 25%), the portions are getting close to the main component, trading of financial assets. Throwing keystone to SGF and debt crisis, increase in loans and rock-bottom in trading risky assets might be considered as a strategy for BIN to diversify its several risks as we mentioned previously but this time default risk would also be raised. However, derivatives trading are salve playing an important role over these six years.In addition, available-for-sale financial assets have been substantially change magnitude in 2009, the succeeding(a) year after SGF. It major contents bonds particularly in government bonds. The main undercoat could be government bonds are the safest investment way, however, default risk may be considered in this case. . 1. 3 Differences in asset, liability structure and risk exposure Comparing the asset and liability structure surrounded by LAG and BIN, the monumental difference is the main source of the capital raising activities and asset allocations between these two banks are different.LAG is a good deal more relying on customers deposits, a safer way to raise funds which al measlys LAG has a reliable capital plant and confident direct to go through the SGF in 2008 also the European debt crisis in 2010. In contrast, BIN changed its capital raising structure double from changing the portions between derivatives raiding to raise funds on deposits in response to the impacts of SGF and debt crisis. Additionally, the core functions of these two banks are different.LAG is focusing on customers deposits and fashioning loans to them. However, BIN is much more concentrating on derivatives trading in both asset and liability parts (even though it shifted the main component of capital raising activity from financial liabilities to depo sits between 2009 and 2010 but derivatives transactions hush played an important role during those two years. ) Overall, BIN is much more sensitive to the economy and surely it carries more risks than LAG. . 1. Impacts of SGF and Debt Crisis on Asset and Liability Structure Lloyd Banking Group (LAG) For the asset structure, due to the financial hardships that many households and businesses are experiencing, as a result of the recent economic decline in the UK. LAG committed to help customers in these challenging times, which reflective of our relationship-based approach. In Retail segment, we verifyed strong level of mortgage lending to new lending, and helped thousands of customers to buy new homes. As shown in the diagram above, we can see that the total asset has increased room IEEE,mom to El ,027,mom in two years time.An increasing of 57. 55% reflects that with a 61. 25% increase in loans and advances to customers. There are strong levels of customer lending bob upth in comme rcial banks, corporate markets and mortgages. For the Liability side, the percentage of total liability has greater changed in 2009, which given that increased up to 56. 64%. After the SGF, the total liabilities still stand at a higher level in the following years as long as the European debt crisis occurred in 2010. Deposit, debt securities in issue and the liabilities of insurance are he three main components be affected.As LAG is the largest bank in I-J, it provides more confident for their customers. Even The bank experienced SGF and European debt crisis, deposit still bring positive effect for the group. Compare 2008 to sasss deposits can be found that, there is 51. 46% bosomy increasing during 2008-2009, due to more customers lose confident for others investment companies, also getting less people put the money for investment during such weaken economic period. That is the reason explains that why does deposit continuously grow during this period as en of the good reputation banks in British.Table 5 Besides, according to the table shown above, the issue of debt securities have greater increased due to the medium term notes issues changed, which implies that even LAG has sufficient fund to pound the challenge during SGF, but they still restrained funds through effect medium term notes in order to provide more fund to help their customers, Furthermore, the higher unemployment rate in UK due to SGF and European debt crisis, more people were getting to claim their insurance compensations, therefore the liability of insurance policy had also been affected.According to the balance sheet has shown, the liability of insurance policy has 60. 8% increased from 2008 to 2009. Also from 2009 to 2012, the liability of insurance still maintain in higher level. Overall, as LAG is reliable and stable bank in I-J, the main structure of asset and liability did not changed by the Crisis. BIN Paris (BIN) In regards of Buns capital raising structure had been changed twice during 2007 to 2012. The premier change was in the year after 2008 SGF, the bank shifted its major capital raising activity from trading on derivatives (financial liabilities at fair value wrought profit or loss) to deposits.Considering the increased in trading financial instruments, which was the core activity to raise both total liabilities and total assets to level high respectively ?2,016,mom and ?2,075,mom in 2008. It leaded the bank with higher risk exposures as well as the leverage level had been increased due to derivatives trading is sensitive to the market and risky. Therefore the bank changed the major component of liability structure to deposits in 2009 in order to reduce risking tried to keep the bank in a safer base during the worse recession time.At the meantime, the bank increased issue in debt securities that seek to raise more cost-effective funds in case of relying on deposits was not enough. In 2011 after the European debt crisis, the bank changed its core c apital raising activity back to trading on financial instruments again. As an investment bank is a function of BIN Paris, the second changed of its capital structure indicated that the bank already passed the hard time and everything went back on the right track. The major component of the asset structure was financial assets at fair value through profit or loss from 2007 to 2012.In 2009 it had been decreased from 60% to 40%,but the bank increased the portions loaned to Global Financial Crisis,and this class of asset kept stable in the next following 3 years. However, trading on derivatives is still playing an important role overall. In addition, according to the increase in issue of debt securities especially in bonds had been increased in its liability structure, therefore, the available-for-sale financial assets had a greater Jumped up during the same year and gradually went down later on. Overall, the impacts of SGF on BIN were uttermost worse than the European debt crisis. 2 P ERFORMANCE Analysts 1. 2. 1 Return on Equity ( roe) Definition See footnoted Figure 6 According to the chart, the roe of LAG deceased seriously from 2007. In 2010 to 2012, it appeared a little get signal but still showing a declining pattern over these six years. During 2007 to 2008 both of the net income and total truth were decreased pretty, therefore, roe decreased. However, even though the net income only had a little increased in 2009, but due to the total equity greatly Jumped up, the ROE decreased further. After 2010, ROE already deceased to history low given at 5. 4%, because of the negative net income as well as the total equity still stayed at higher level. The locomote net income was primary to fewer increased in total in ope balancen(p) income but greater increased in the impairment cost. The main reason could be the bank need to increase impairment cost to restore credit risk during SGF and European debt crisis. On the other hand, the size of total equity getti ng larger, this fact implied that, LAG was seeking more capital fund its financial activities in order to go through the paltry economic period.Therefore, the ratio shown the bank experienced unfavorable profitability during those two recession periods Regarding to BIN Paris, the Return on Equity ratio dramatically decreased from 19. 6% to 6. 6% in 2008. It gradually healed back in the next following years after SGF but it slightly dropped gain after the 2010 European debt crisis. Due to the banks main source of pay is making money via trading derivatives, this pattern of changing exactly responds to the market hold ins due to financial and debt crisis, also explains that the bank is very sensitive to the market.However, compare to the regenerates drop off in SGF, the impact of debt crisis was not significant through looking at the chart. Compare these two patterns of ROE LAG is showing a declining figure which indicates that the bank had a deeper impact by the financial and the debt crisis. On the other hand, the effect on BIN was significant only shown at the SGF period, therefore, BIN seems to has a better performance overall. 1. 2. RETURN ON ASSET (thunder) Definition see footnoted Figure 7 In term of Labs performance can be shown that, the greater decline in ROAR consists in declining of net income and total assets. The central bank cut the vex rate again and again in this recession period that further more people to borrow money from bank to fund their mortgages or businesses. According to the balance sheet, the total assets sharply increased from IEEE,mom to El ,027,mom in 2008 to 2009, and then kept staying at a higher level in the following years.However, as we have analyses in the ROE part, net income decreased dramatically to negative percentages, due to total in operation(p) income did not change as lower interest rate, but the impairment cost has greater increasing in order to recover the credit risk. As a result, the net income becomes neg ative. Similarly, ROAR was deceasing dramatically during 2009-2011. According to the ROAR ratios of BIN, it has shown a corresponding pattern of trend as ROE. The ROAR sharply dropped 0. 32% in 2008 and recovered back in the next two years but slightly went down after the debt crisis.Considering that the net income of BIN in 2008 was fabulously dropped down over 60% from ?8,311 millions to ?3,millions. No matter how the total assets had a greater increased in the same year, the fluctuation of net income was the most important reason determinate the hanged in ROAR. Again, due to the bank is sensitive to the change of market parameters, we can clearly see that the worse market condition due to SGF brought a negative impact to the bank and it was faraway more worse than the time during the European debt crisis.In conclusion, both of two banks were decrease in ROAR during the weak economic period in 2008. The main reason was both of them had greater increased in total asset but the n et income stayed at a relatively lower level. In the following years, BIN started to recover back and maintained in a stable level, UT LAG was continuously decreasing to negative due to total asset was maintain in higher level in debt crisis period. 1. 2. PROFIT MARGIN (PM) Definition see footnoted Figure 8 According to the graph above, LAG had strong profitability in 2007 but it declined to 22. 43% due to SGF then slightly recovered in 2009. However, as the European debt crisis developed in late 2009, the PM continuing dropped out to the lowest, shown at -59. 62% in 2011. The reason is during this weaken economic period, interest and akin(predicate) income decreasing as lower interest rate, and impairment increasing. This unfavorable decreasing during debt crisis period implies that LAG undertake loss.While the PM drives the ROAR to decline in this period. The European debt crisis shrink the bank much more than during the SGF. Comparing to LAG, BIN Paris keeps its ability steady t o pay expenses and generates stable net income from 2007 2012. According to the main capital raising activity of BIN is trading on derivatives and other financial instruments, even though the amounts of financial liabilities and assets at fair value through profit or loss were Jumped up during the year of SGF 2008.However, the net income and total operating income were historically low through 2007 to 2012, the main reason was due to both the net gains on trading financial instruments and on available-for-sale financial assets had been dramatically decreased, respectively from ?7,mom to ?2,mom and ?2,mom to ?mom, which means, even though the trading went up, but net gains were limited by the worst market condition during Global Financial Crisis. Overall, BIN is good at controlling on its expenses and net income generation compare to the performance of LAG. . 2. 4 ASSET use (AU) Definition see footnoted Figure 9 The AU ratio of LAG fluctuated seriously from 2007 to 2012. Due to giv en the negative impact of SGF, the AU dropped continuously to 0. 71% in 2009. As we mentioned previously, the central bank cut the interest rate to encourage people to take loan from the bank. Therefore, the total asset stayed at a higher level from 2009 to 2012. However, according to low interest rate and also some of customers were default to pay back, the total operating income did not change much.From 2009 to 2010, AU starts to recover to higher level. Unfortunately, the AU decreased sharply again from . 17% to 0. 47% due to the European debt crisis. The AU still maintained at lower level during 2010 to 2012, because the pound was depreciated in this weak economic period, LAG faced loss in their overseas investment property and securities, consequently, the total operating income decreased to about E,mom during the debt crisis. LAG provided a declining pattern over 2007 to 2012, but again, the impact of debt crisis to the bank was greater than the impact of SGF.In term of Buns AU, it had been dropped down to 0. 46% in regards to the history low total operating income, given only ?3,mom in 2008. It recovered quickly afterwards and went back to 0. 63% in 2010. The AU ratio fluctuated by the European debt crisis again in later 2011 and 2012, however, as we mentioned above in the PM part, the Global Financial Crisis affected the bank much more than the effect on debt crisis. Comparing LAG and Buns Alls, both of them had greater effects by SGF but the impact of debt crisis was not significant on BIN. . 2. 5 EQUITY MULTIPLIER (ME) Definition see footnoted Figure 10 In term of Lags ME, The figure increased nearly half of ME from 28. 4 to 44. 96 in 2008. The higher ME indicated that LAG used more debt to finance its assets which in turn increased the leverage level and risk exposure during SGF 2008. In order to reduce its leverage level, ME quickly dropped down to 23. 29 in 2009 even lower than in 2007 and gradually went down in the following years, noticed that the ME only shown at 20. 69 in 2012.As LAG is one of the reliable and stable banks in British, even though they experienced SGF and European debt crisis, they are able to recover quickly. Regarding to the ME of BIN, it had been increased to 35. In 2008 but had a greater decreased of 10 in the following year and still gradually went down in continuous years. Considering BIN changed its liability structure twice respectively in 2009 and 2011, in which shifted the major capital raising activity between derivatives trading and deposits.BIN attempted the first change in order to minimize the risks and reduce the leverage level due to the high ME in the previous year. In 2011, after the European debt crisis, the bank again changed its major capital raising activity back to trading on financial instruments instead of relying on posits. This change had been trim back its ME ratio continuously which given that only almost 20 in 2012 (the lowest from 2007 to 2012) It explains that BIN is go od at controlling its leverage level and managing risks very well via adjusting the Banks structure. In conclusion, LAG and BIN have connatural performance from 2007 to 2012.The ME of these two banks both had a greater Jump up in 2008 and respectively increased their risk exposures and the leverage ratios. However, the EMUS dropped quickly in later years due to both banks managed the risk via reduce their debt to call down its assets or maintaining capital structure in order to reduce risks and leverage level. 1. 2. 6 Market Indicators Share Prices LAG Regarding LAG, the share legal injury sash at EYE per share in 2007 to late 2008. However, due to the SGF happen at the end of 2008, the share monetary value decreasing dramatically to around E per shares.Furthermore, the European debt crisis also happen flow the SGF, the share price decreasing further around E per share. Base on the data shows that, over these six years, the share price of LAG is decreasing around 89. 1 BIN The highest share price of BIN Paris was up to ?94. 7 per share during mid-2007, it collapsed in later 2008 and down to history low ?21. 39 per share in early 2009. However, the share price went back on track quickly in the same year, given that volatile at the range around ?50 per share until mid-2011.According to the share price pattern of BIN, the impact of SGF on the share price was dramatically huge, but the bank effectively reacted on the massive change of market, it adjusted its capital structure in 2009, such as reduced the risk exposure via decreasing the risky derivatives trading and relying more on deposits, meanwhile increased the issue of bet securities particularly in bonds, which indicated to generate more efficient cash flows in case of the deposits was not enough to rely on. chuck 2 2. 2 Market Risk 2. . 1 Introduction of market risk Market risk is defined as a risk for those investors to experience economic losses of value from the affected market performances, whethe r its treatable or not. It is the risk that cannot be diversified. Some of risk factors could be observed, such as interest rates, exchange rates there are also some factors may not be observed such as correlations which are based on statistical analysis. It includes interest rate risks, currency risks, and equity risks, see footnotes.

Oedipus and Othello

Both Oedipus and Othello were immaculate and brave men that became the victims of two sad downfalls. Oedipus and Othello are both tragic character. In the play Oedipus the king, Oedipus killed his father and married his begin and give birth children. withal Othello ends up dis trustfulnessing his wife, so he killed his wife. These two persons have similarities and differences in some(prenominal) characteristics that they are round characters, the payback that they experience upon themselves and upon their individual wives whether straight or circuitously, and their tragic.Both Oedipus and Othello are round characters. A round character is totally developed so that the person who read will have a good picture of their appearances and behavior. Oedipus is a character whose fortune ejectnot be break loose because whatever path he took, seems to take him to get more trouble aneself than what he freighter deal with anyone before. Therefore, even if his character is well-roun ded, he is not realistic. Unlike Oedipus, he would marry a woman who is his mother so he does not need to ask some question slightly her past marriages or her children.However, there could be some kind of negate vision in their characters, and there may be question could have risen about the first child that was executed. On the other hand, Othello is a well-rounded character and is a realistic. Othello is a person who is jealous and distrustfulness that he thinks his wife is cheating on him and sleeping with another man. Othello was in love and he had this feeling that once in a work on he thinks that his feeling is fed by the person whom that most trust can lied to them.Until Othello finally kills his wife, Iago constantly know about Othellos thought that is wounded and distrust grows for his wife. Oedipus is a round character, still cannot be understood due to the ridiculous conditions of his marriage. Othellos round character can be more understandable, because jealousy oc cupies all of us at one time. Othello chose to act upon it abundant like those who act in our community today. So far, both Oedipus and Othello worry themselves and their wives. When Oedipus knows the truth about himself that he married his mother and to a fault killing his father.Oedipuss wife Jocasta kills herself because of embarrassment that she married her son. Oedipus blinds himself in order to impose punishment for him. On the other hand, Othello wrongly blames his wife Desdemona of disloyalty with Cassio and henceforth throttles her to death. Later, Othello realizes that his allegation was wrongly founded he is overwhelmed with guilt, and stabs himself to death. Therefore, Oedipus does moral obliteration of himself plot Othello abolishes himself by death. Lastly, Othello and Oedipus are both tragic hero and their disaster comes from their marriages.Othello is a slave who achieved many goods through the military. Oedipus was born into the upper class and is also a prince and a king. Othello and Oedipus both suffered great loss and shame because of pride. Oedipuss pride is gone after he killed his father and married his mother. after doing such bad things, Oedipus began to lose all his pride and dignity, such as losing his wife and his kingdom. For Othello, his prides also turned to shame because he listens to others more than his wife. So Othello killed his innocent wife and loosed his pride and precious things that exit to him.Othello also loosed his life and he stabs himself to death and said, I took by the throat the circumcised dog. And smote him thus. (V ii 351-352. ) In conclusion, Oedipus and Othello are the two tragic downfalls that can be compared and contrasted. Othello and Oedipus are both a heroic characters in the plays and went through a lot of suffering in their life. Both of them are round characters, the vengeance that they experience upon themselves and upon their individual wives whether straight or circuitously, and their tragic.I t was too late for them to turn back n have their pride back because they had lost everything what they got. They deserve to lose everything because of what they did. Othello shouldnt listen to others and should of listen to his lovely life more, but he decided to listen to others and killed his innocent wife. For Oedipus, killing his father on the button to married his mother is a very disgusting and disgraceful things that can ever happened. These two characters learned their lesson that pride is something that can destroy their life.

Coca Cola Manufacturing

The coca plant-Cola association (KO) is the human beings largest beverage familiarity, and it owns or licenses more than 500 nonalcoholic beverage brands. The compevery owns four of the worlds top five nonalcoholic sparkling beverage brands Coca-Cola, food Coke, Fanta and Sprite. The prototype Coca-Cola recipe was formulated at the Eagle Drug and chemical go with, a drugstore in Columbus, Georgia, by John Pemberton, originally as a coca wine called Pembertons French Wine Coca. He whitethorn have been inspired by the formidable success of Vin Mariani, a European coca wine.In 1886, when Atlanta and Fulton County passed prohibition legislation, Pemberton responded by developing Coca-Cola, essentially a nonalcoholic version of French Wine Coca. When launched, Coca-Colas two key ingredients were cocaine and caffein. The cocaine was derived from the coca leaf and the caffeine from kola nut, leading to the come across Coca-Cola (the K in goora nut was replaced with a C for marketing purposes). Coca cocaine Pemberton called for five ounces of coca leaf per gallon of syrup, a important dose in 1891, Candler claimed his formula (altered extensively from Pembertons original) contained plainly a ten percent of this step.Coca-Cola once contained an estimated nine milligrams of cocaine per ice rink. In 1903, it was removed. After 1904, instead of exploitation fresh leaves, Coca-Cola started using spent leaves the leftovers of the cocaine-extraction demonstrate with trace levels of cocaine. Coca-Cola now uses a cocaine-free coca leaf extract prepargond at a Stepan accompany plant in Maywood, New Jersey. In the United States, the Stepan Company is the only manufactu promise plant authorized by the Federal Government to import and exploit the coca plant, which it obtains mainly from Peru and, to a lesser extent, Bolivia.Kola nuts caffeine Kola nuts act as a flavoring and the source of caffeine in Coca-Cola. Kola nuts contain about 2. 0 to 3. 5% caffeine, ar gon of bitter flavor and are commonly used in cola soft drinks. In 1911, the U. S. government initiated United States v. Forty barrel and Twenty Kegs of Coca-Cola, hoping to force Coca-Cola to remove caffeine from its formula. The case was decided in favor of Coca-Cola. Subsequently, in 1912, the U. S. Pure Food and Drug Act was am barricadeed, adding caffeine to the list of habit-forming and deleterious substances which must be listed on a products label. Coca-Cola contains 34 mg of caffeine per 12 fluid ounces (9. 8 mg per 100 ml). How is the most widely recognized product in the world made? How are the required quality standards met for every single building block of that product? Coca-Colas bottlers and canners are concerned with a range of processes involved in transforming resources into the bottles and cans of drink that we are familiar with. The transforming resources are the managers, employees, machinery and equipment used by The Coca-Cola Company and its franchisees.Prim arily, Coca-Cola is manufactured by franchisees who are the worlds leading bottling and canning companies. This franchise business is rigorously manoeuverled by The Coca-Cola Company. The performance of Coca-Cola involves two major operations 1) Creating the packaging actual 2) Bottling and canning the finished drink For some(prenominal) years, Coca-Cola was produced in glass bottles. Because of the high follow of distributing bulky bottles, they had to be manufactured close to where the bottling took place. Today, this is no longer so important since new packaging methods have revolutionized the process.Advanced bottling and canning technology chance upons Coca-Cola cans and bottles very frail but extremely strong. The Company has invested a lot of time and m singley in research and development to discover the most effective intent cycle impact of its packaging. By using the minimum quantities of materials in packaging, the cans and elastic bottles are simple to crush or to reprocess at the end of the initial life cycle. Cans are delivered in bulk to a canning plant. At this stage the cans are shaped like an open cup manipulate to receive the liquid drink.They are not fully formed because the ring pull end has still to be fitted. After they have been inspected to kick downstairs that there are no faults, each can goes by a rinsing machine to put up sure it is clean and ready for filling. Coca-Cola consists of a concentrated beverage base and a liquid sweetener which are combined to form the syrup from which the drink is made. The Company ships the concentrate to bottling and canning plants where the franchisees mix in it with sugar and local water. The water is passed through a number of filters to make sure it is absolutely pure.Carbon dioxide, which makes it fizzy, is also delivered to the canning plant where it is stored and then piped into the manufacturing process through a carbonator and cooler. The Company specifies what equipment franch isees will use to carry out these processes. Samples are abbreviaten regularly for chemical analysis, and staves make frequent spot checks to hold in that plants are maintaining the Companys standards of cleanliness and quality. The Company provides its franchisees with the most up-to- involvement technology available and many of them use the la render computer technology and statistical process control methods.The packaging and the finished drink are combined by a rapid filling process. Every minute hundreds of cans pass along an alter production line and are modify with a precise amount of Coca-Cola. As the cans move along the production line, they are seamed to allow the ring pull end and produce the finished can. The ends are inspected to make sure they are smooth and do not have any gaps or leaks. An individual code is stamped on the cans so that each one can be traced back to the point and time of production. A date code ensures product freshness.The manufacture of Coca-C ola is carried out by a set up of processes called continuous flow production. On a production line, a process is continually repeated and identical products go through the same age of operations. Continuous flow production takes this one step further by using computer-controlled automatic equipment to produce goods 24 hours a day. Throughout the production process, quality control personnel monitor the product and take test samples. To assure that there are no errors, quality control inspectors take statistically selected samples at the end of the production line.Using chemical analysis, these inspectors can guarantee that the product meets the exact specifications they also check that there are no faults in the packaging. A fill height detector uses an electronic eye to ensure that the cans are filled to the right quantity. Cans that are not properly filled are rejected. The canners then prepare the cans for distribution to retailers such as supermarkets, shops and garages. A m achine called a case former creates the casing that protects the cans as they are sorted onto pallets.The cans are stored temporarily in a warehouse out front they are collected by large distribution trucks. The bottling process, whether in glass or PET (plastic), is very similar. Each plastic bottle starts as test-tube size and is blown up like a balloon into the last bottle shape. Whereas franchisees receive cans that already have the logo and any promotional details on them, bottlers apply the labels from large reels once the bottles have been formed. At the end of the bottling line, bottles are automatically sealed with a cap without delay after they have been filled.