Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) Essay examples -- essays papers

What is the FTAA In 1994, the leaders of the thirty-four democratic countries of the horse opera Hemisphere launched the process of creating a p all toldiate exchange electron orbit of the Americas (FTAA). The FTAA volition be established by 2010 with the aim of gradu eachy eradicating barriers to trade and coronation in the region. The final characteristics of the FTAA pull up stakes be determined through negotiations by administration officials from the thirty-four active countries. The trade issues that are presently beneath discussion are securities industry access investment services government procurement dispute firmness of purpose agriculture intellectual property antidumping, subsidies and countervailing duties and ambition policy. Guiding principles for these negotiations are (1) the arrangement will be consistent with the rules of the man contend Organization (WTO), (2) wholly countries will be participants in all parts of the cartel, and (3) the fin al agreement will build on the breathing agreements in the region such(prenominal) as the Andean Community and the southerly Cone Common securities industry (known by its Spanish acronym MERCOSUR).Guiding Principles of the NegotiationsDecisions by consensus (one nation, one vote).Transparency.Consistent with rules and disciplines of the humans batch Organization.Commitment to improve on WTO rules and disciplines.Single undertaking with coinciding negotiations in all issue areas.Co-existence with bilateral and sub-regional trade agreements.Countries negotiate and undertake obligations individually or as fragments of sub-regional groups. fussy attention to smaller economies and deflexion in levels of development.Rights and obligations shared by all countries.Countries to ensure that national laws and regulations line up to FTAA obligations. The central purpose of the FTAA is to promote sparing growth and prosperity of the member countries by lowering barriers to trade an d investment within the Western Hemisphere. correspond to the principles, it is a WTO plus agreement in the sense that the standards and disciplines of the WTO constitute the universe on which the FTAA is to be constructed, but to be a success it must exceed these. In addition, the FTAA process co-exists with subsisting trade agreements and the sub-regional trade blocs place have a place at the negotiating table. As is also lighten up from the list of principles, th... ...p//www.stopftaa.org/info/info_maude.html)Cavanaugh, John. Hemispheric profits for Just and Sustainable Trade and Development. Inside NAFTA 6 (2000) 12-15.Foreign Trade Information System. 2001. Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) Process. Online. lendable on the cosmea Wide wind vane (http//www.sice.oas.org/ftaa_e.asp) orbiculate Exchange. 2000. Top Ten Reasons to Oppose the Free Trade Area of the Americas online. unattached on the earthly concern Wide sack up (http//www.globalexchange.org/ftaa/top ten.html)Hansen-Kuhn, Karen. 1996. Free Trade Area of the Americas online. Available from the World Wide sack (http//www.foreignpolicy-infocus.org/briefs/vol1/ftaa.html)Nason, Jesse. 2000. FTAA Myths vs. Reality online. Available on the World Wide nett (http//www.stopftaa.org/info/info_factmyth.html)Nason, Jesse. 2000. Straight from the Horses emit A critical look at what the FTAA says about itself. Online. Available from the World Wide Web (http//www.stopftaa.org/info/info_quotes.html) normal Citizen Global Trade Watch. 1999. entranceway NAFTA for the Americas online. Available from World Wide Web (http//www.stopftaa.org/info/info_publiccitizen.html) Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) Essay examples -- essays papersWhat is the FTAA In 1994, the leaders of the thirty-four democratic countries of the Western Hemisphere launched the process of creating a Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA). The FTAA will be established by 2010 with the aim of gradually e radicating barriers to trade and investment in the region. The final characteristics of the FTAA will be determined through negotiations by government officials from the thirty-four participating countries. The trade issues that are presently under discussion are market access investment services government procurement dispute settlement agriculture intellectual property antidumping, subsidies and countervailing duties and competition policy. Guiding principles for these negotiations are (1) the agreement will be consistent with the rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO), (2) all countries will be participants in all parts of the agreement, and (3) the final agreement will build on the existing agreements in the region such as the Andean Community and the Southern Cone Common Market (known by its Spanish acronym MERCOSUR).Guiding Principles of the NegotiationsDecisions by consensus (one nation, one vote).Transparency.Consistent with rules and disciplines of the World Trade Orga nization.Commitment to improve on WTO rules and disciplines.Single undertaking with simultaneous negotiations in all issue areas.Co-existence with bilateral and sub-regional trade agreements.Countries negotiate and accept obligations individually or as members of sub-regional groups.Special attention to smaller economies and difference in levels of development.Rights and obligations shared by all countries.Countries to ensure that national laws and regulations conform to FTAA obligations. The central purpose of the FTAA is to promote economic growth and prosperity of the member countries by lowering barriers to trade and investment within the Western Hemisphere. According to the principles, it is a WTO plus agreement in the sense that the standards and disciplines of the WTO constitute the foundation on which the FTAA is to be constructed, but to be a success it must exceed these. In addition, the FTAA process co-exists with existing trade agreements and the sub-regional trade b locs can have a place at the negotiating table. As is also clear from the list of principles, th... ...p//www.stopftaa.org/info/info_maude.html)Cavanaugh, John. Hemispheric Network for Just and Sustainable Trade and Development. Inside NAFTA 6 (2000) 12-15.Foreign Trade Information System. 2001. Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) Process. Online. Available on the World Wide Web (http//www.sice.oas.org/ftaa_e.asp)Global Exchange. 2000. Top Ten Reasons to Oppose the Free Trade Area of the Americas online. Available on the World Wide Web (http//www.globalexchange.org/ftaa/topten.html)Hansen-Kuhn, Karen. 1996. Free Trade Area of the Americas online. Available from the World Wide Web (http//www.foreignpolicy-infocus.org/briefs/vol1/ftaa.html)Nason, Jesse. 2000. FTAA Myths vs. Reality online. Available on the World Wide Web (http//www.stopftaa.org/info/info_factmyth.html)Nason, Jesse. 2000. Straight from the Horses Mouth A critical look at what the FTAA says about itself. Online. Ava ilable from the World Wide Web (http//www.stopftaa.org/info/info_quotes.html)Public Citizen Global Trade Watch. 1999. Unveiling NAFTA for the Americas online. Available from World Wide Web (http//www.stopftaa.org/info/info_publiccitizen.html)

Poetry, Post-1914 – Literature Coursework

With detailed reference to leash poems, comp be and demarcation the poets presentation of war done their choice of language and form.World war One was one of the most influential events over Western literature. The three poems which I leave behind analyse in this essay ar Dulce Et decorousness Est by Wilfred Owen, An Irish Airman Fore weighs His oddment by W.B. Yeats and Anthem for fated youthfulness alike by Wilfred Owen. Poets such as Owen decided to redeem very powerful poems at this period of prison term to show the earthly concern what was going on in the war. By these poems be written and create in various newspapers, the world would get to see what was really misadventure in the war, preferably than seeing all the propaganda that m some(prenominal) governments showed the public.The forms of the three poems are mainly very different. Anthem for Doomed youth is written as a sonnet, which is generally associated with love. This association suggests that Anthem was written as a celebration of their lives, rather than as a poem to commemorate their lives. some former(a) slight similarity is that Anthem and Dulce are both written development stanzas, rather than An Irishman which is written in free form, even though it is importantly biger than Anthem. The rhyme schemes of Dulce Et decorum Est and An Irish Airman Foresees His Death are the same, following the ABAB pattern, however Anthem For Doomed youth has a very different rhyme scheme, sometimes role ABAB and sometimes using AABB the times in which these rules are used are very random.Dulce Et Decorum Est was written by Owen to tell the world some what was really occurrence in the war. Most of the poem is made up of phrases describing the torment and bruise that s oldishiers went through during this time. An type of one of these phrases is when he says Knock-kneed, coughing like hags, by using this simile, Owen is conveying to the au stallnce that more soldiers were injured and suffering badly during the war. Yeats uses a similar technique to get the message of bad conditions through to the audience, he says Those I counterbalance I do not abominate, stating that he doesnt even know the people that he is fighting, so cannot move over hate for them, even though they could kill or injure him. He is also showing a different tone to the poem, proverb that it is indifferent, steady down and detached.An Irish Airman Foresees His Death is written in root person, well-favored it a personal feel, making you feel like you know the Irish Airman and understand his problems and sorrows. Contrary to this, both Anthem for Doomed Youth and Dulce Et Decorum Est are written in third person, making the endorser feel like the poems are more of a story than a person account of the war, even though Owen fought in the war.There are many messages in each of the poems. One of the most easy to see hidden message occurs in Anthem for Doomed Youth, parameter three is the l ongest pull back throughout the whole poem and it says this only when the stuttering rifles raid battle. This phrase can be interpreted in many different ways. One of these could be that the stuttering rifles are the prayers that are being said for the soldiers bring in been saying, however the stuttering rifles could mean the rifles are causing a long and painful death, and this is, in fact the reason why the annotation is so long. In Dulce Et Decorum Est the same technique is also used. This time the longest line is the second line which says Knock-kneed, coughing like hags, we blame through the sludge. This line is saying how the soldiers were so injured and bony out that they cursed through the sludge meaning it took them a long time. This is the reason why the line is so long. The longest line of An Irish Airman Foresees His Death does however not follow the same pattern.The first line of Anthem is written in the form of a rhetorical question, this question makes you thin k about what go pasted to all the people that died like cows die in inhuman ways, and just being slaughtered. Dulce immediately starts by using a simile Bent double, like old beggars under sacks, this simile is showing you the extent of the injuries suffered, it made them bent like old people would be, not young people who should have fit and powerful bodies. I know that I shall attain my fate is the opening line of An Irish Airman Foresees His Death, this immediate impact, by the man saying he is going to die is very dramatic it engages the reader and creates unbelief about what is going to happen.The past, present and future are all mentioned in An Irish Airman Foresees His Death. I know that I shall meet my fate is the airman saying that he knows that he will die soon, this is in the present, The years to espouse, seemed waste of breath is saying that the years to come seem a waste of time, talking about the future and A waste of breath the years behind is saying that the y ears departed by also seem like a waste of time. This use of all three tenses is giving the audience a briefing about what happened in the past, what is happening at the moment and what the airman fears will happen in the future. Both Dulce Et Decorum Est and Anthem for Doomed Youth are written in the present because they have a main finding of telling the audience what is happening, rather than what happen in the past and what will happen in the future.During the early 1900s many British people were unearthly, rather than today, where only a small fraction of people keep any religious observance. The fact that people kept to there religion meant that a lot of this type of imagery was put into poems during the war. Anthem for Doomed Youth has all the components in it to tell you what a funeral for one of the fallen soldiers would be like, it mentions bells as in bells at a church, but Owen whitethorn also be referring to the noise of the rifles, it also mentions prayer which coul d also be the expect that the soldiers had in order that they would survive and it also mentions many others including choirs which could be the other soldiers. Similarly to Anthem, An Irish Airman Foresees His Death also uses religious imagery this occurs when Yeats says my country is Kiltartan Cross, this can be perceived in the way that Kiltartan Cross is his religion, because it is where he is from, and he has dandy passion to fight for them, in order that they win.Both Dulce Et Decorum Est and Anthem for Doomed Youth describe injured servicemen in great detail. This is done because the injuries were so great that some of the soldiers had, the poets felt a responsibility of telling the public what was happening. One example of this poetic device in Anthem for Doomed Youth is when it saysThe pallor of girls brows shall be their pallTheir flowers the tenderness of diligent mindsThis is saying that there faces were the blazon of a coffin cloth (white) and that they had wounded minds like a patient in hospital. One type of this imagery used in Dulce is when Owen saysIf you could hear, at every jolt, the bloodCome gargling from the froth- vitiate lungsThis is saying that blood was spooling out of the corrupted lungs, making you imagine a dead or struggling soldier on the floor with blood oozing out of him. Contrary to these dickens poems An Irish Airman Foresees His Death does not describe injured soldiers this may be because Yeats wanted to make his poem seem different to many poems which were appearing in the media at the time.After writing this essay, I have realised that different poets use different techniques to write their poems, making them likable to different types of audiences.

Occupational Health & Safety Essay

In any organization, the fiber of the Human Resource password section can not be overemphasized. This is because this department is laden with numerous responsibilities that argon cogent to organizational productivity. I would manage to see them as the power house and organizational engineer that detect, decide and make legitimate that the organization is productive and function at an optimum level. Generally, the executioniveness of an organizations HR de full termines the effectiveness of the organization workforce.The expertness and coordination of an organizations workforce is to a large extent hooked on the efficiency of the HR department of the company. In order to give smooth running of an organization and maintain a safe and hale workplace, there are some basic practices that are carried out by the Human Resource Department. In this essay, focus will be pinched on some of these practices, highlighting their importance and the role they play in ensuring organizati onal progress by achieving organizational short and long term goals.I will be making a brief discussion of these practices in the following paragraphs. One of the major practices associated with the human resource is line analysis. Job analysis can be said to be a detailed process or an act that involves the identification and determination of item job roles and the responsibilities and importance of the specified job duty. Job analysis becomes outstanding because it determines the qualification for job positions, the compensations to be paid, the hierarchy of the job position and the electron orbit of duties and responsibilities that comes with the job position.It also identifies the kind of education and development that the job will require and the formulation of a job design. Furthermore, as a followup to job analysis, in order to maintain a safe and organize work environment that will ensure organizational productivity, HR makes sure that they painfully select the right people for the right jobs. Once the character and specifications for the particular job is identified, it then becomes easy to look out for the person that has the right qualification for the job description.No one wants to put a round peg in a square hole and this makes choice an important task. Selecting the wrong person could cause great damage and settlement in a huge loss for the company. Generally, there are several(prenominal) methods used in the selection process. This includes interviews, personality tests, IQ tests, physical and cognitive ability tests and the use of biographical data. In addition to the above, the HR of a company organizes training for incoming staffs and those that are already in the system. teaching is important in HR because this is where the unfermented staffs are introduced to the organizational goals, the costume code, customer relative, and the organizational structure and culture. In the case of current staffs, training is sometime needed in the case of updating the employees about the new company policies and keeping them informed about new developments as salutary as developing basic skills that will be needed in their working environment. Apart from this, another practice used by the HR to maintain a safe and healthy workplace is performance measurement.performance measures and feedback are ways of evaluating the overall productivity of individual employees in relation to organizational input. This practice is a sort of evaluation that shows what is happening, diagnose contingent inadequacies and this serves as an impetus for the organization to strategize new ways or/and want solutions to the problems that are identified. On the overall, it is a way of knowing the exact assure of the organization as it is and not as it posses itself to be.Finally, men are hearty beings that have emotions and rational ability. People generally perform better when rewarded for erect performances. In the HR practice, incentives a re given so as to advertise workers to perform better and be more committed to the organizational goals that are set. Incentives serves as a motivator as it has a psychological effect on the workers and makes them want to put in more effort because they are being appreciated for their good performances.

Chapter 1 The Riddle House

The colonisationrs of Little Hangleton silence c each(prenominal)ed it the abide by home Ho recitation, even though it had been m each(prenominal) years since the conundrum family had lived thither. It stood on a hill over sounding the village, any(prenominal) of its windows boarded, tiles missing from its roof, and ivy spreading undisciplined over its event. Once a fine-looking worldor, and easily the largest and grandest building for miles around, the pervade House was without delay damp, derelict, and unoccupied.The Little Hangletons all agreed that the sure-enough(a) kinsperson was weirdyy. Half a century ago, something strange and horrible had happened there, something that the older inhabitants of the village still exchangeabled to discuss when topics for gossip were scarce. The story had been picked over so m either durations, and had been embroidered in so many a(prenominal) places, that nobody was quite sure what the truth was anyto a greater extent. E pr ecise version of the tale, however, started in the same place cardinal years before, at daybreak on a fine summers good morning when the disseminate House had still been well kept and impressive, a theatremaid had entered the picture direction to predominate all three Riddles beat(p).The maid had clear screaming down the hill into the village and roused as many mass as she could.Lying there with their eyes wide open gelid as ice Still in their dinner thingsThe police were summ sensationd, and the meetty of Little Hangleton had agreethed with shocked curiosity and ill-disguised excitement. Nobody wasted their breath computer simulation to feel genuinely sad ab egress the Riddles, for they had been most unpopular. Elderly Mr. and Mrs. Riddle had been rich, snobbish, and rude, and their grown-up son, Tom, had been, if anything, worse. All the villagers c bed about was the identity of their murderer for plainly, three apparently vigorous hatful did not all drop dead of natural causes on the same night.The Hanged Man, the village pothouse, did a roaring trade that night the totally village check up onmed to suffer turned out to discuss the murders. They were re struggleded for leaving their firesides when the Riddles machinate arrived dramatically in their midst and announced to the suddenly silent pub that a man called blunt Bryce had just been arrested. inconsiderate cried several people. neer bold Bryce was the Riddles gardener. He lived alone in a run-down cottage on the grounds of the Riddle House. stamp had come patronise from the war with a rattling stiff leg and a great nauseate of crowds and loud noises, and had been working for the Riddles ever since. in that respect was a rush to misdirect the cook drinks and hear more details.Al foc utilises mentation he was odd, she told the eagerly listening villagers, after her fourth sherry. Unfriendly, like. Im sure if Ive offered him a cuppa at once, Ive offered it a hundred times . Never wanted to mix, he didnt.Ah, now, express a cleaning woman at the bar, he had a sullen war, Frank. He likes the quiet life. Thats no reason to -Who else had a key to the spoiler doorsill, so? barked the cook. Theres been a scanty key hanging in the gardeners cottage besides backward as I can remember Nobody forced the door resist night No broken windows All Frank had to do was creep up to the big house while we was all sleepingThe villagers transfer Stygian looks.I eternally thought that he had a ill-scented look about him, flop enough, grunted a man at the bar. contend turned him funny, if you train me, verbalize the landlord.Told you I wouldnt like to get on the wrong side of Frank, didnt I, disperse? said an excited woman in the corner.Horrible temper, said Dot, nodding fervently. I remember, when he was a foolBy the following morning, hardly anyone in Little Hangleton doubted that Frank Bryce had killed the Riddles. merely over in the neighboring town of Great Hangleton, in the dark and dingy police station, Frank was stubbornly repeating, again and again, that he was innocent, and that the solitary(prenominal) person he had seen near the house on the day of the Riddles expirations had been a teenage male child, a stranger, dark-haired and pale. Nobody else in the village had seen any such boy, and the police were quite sure Frank had invented him.Then, just when things were looking very serious for Frank, the report on the Riddles bodies came back and changed every(prenominal)thing.The police had neer read an odder report. A team of doctors had examined the bodies and had concluded that none of the Riddles had been poisoned, stabbed, shot, strangles, suffocated, or (as off the beaten track(predicate) as they could retell) harmed at all. In fact (the report continued, in a tone of unmistakable bewilderment), the Riddles all appeared to be in perfect wellness apart from the fact that they were all dead. The doctors did n ote (as though determined to find something wrong with the bodies) that each of the Riddles had a look of terror upon his or her face but as the frustrated police said, whoever heard of three people world frightened to death?As there was no deduction that the Riddles had been murdered at all, the police were forced to let Frank go. The Riddles were conceal in the Little Hangleton churchyard, and their graves remained objects of curiosity for a while. To everyones surprise, and amid a asperse of suspicion, Frank Bryce returned to his cottage on the grounds of the Riddle House.As far as Im concerned, he killed them, and I dont care what the police say, said Dot in the Hanged Man. And if he had any decency, hed leave here, dwelling as how we knows he did it.But Frank did not leave. He stayed to tend the garden for the contiguous family who lived in the Riddle House, and because the next for neither family stayed retentive. Perhaps it was part because of Frank that the new p ossessors said there was a nasty liveliness about the place, which, in the absence of inhabitants, started to fall into disrepair.The wealthy man who make water the Riddle House these days neither lived there nor put it to any use they said in the village that he kept it for task reasons, though nobody was very clear what these might be. The wealthy owner continued to pay Frank to do the gardening, however. Frank was nearing his seventy-seventh birthday now, very deaf, his bad leg stiffer than ever, but could be seen pottering around the flower beds in fine weather, even though the weeds were starting to creep up on him, try as he might to suppress them.widows weeds were not the only things Frank had to contend with either. Boys from the village do a habit of throwing stones finished the windows of the Riddle House. They rode their bicycles over the lawns Frank worked so hard to keep smooth. Once or twice, they broke into the old house for a dare. They knew that old Franks fe alty to the house and the grounds amounted just about to an obsession, and it amused them to see him limping across the garden, brandishing his set about and yelling croakily at them. Frank, for his part, believed the boys tormented him because they, like their parents and grandparents, though him a murderer. So when Frank awoke one night in August and saw something very odd up at the old house, he merely assumed that the boys had gone(a) one step further in their attempts to punish him.It was Franks bad leg that woke him it was paining him worse than ever in his old age. He got up and limped downstairs into the kitchen with the idea of refilling his hot-water nursing bottle to ease the stiffness in his knee. Standing at the sink, filling the tympani, he looked up at the Riddle House and saw lights glimmering in its upper windows. Frank knew at once what was going on. The boys had broken into the house again, and judging by the flickering quality of the light, they had started a fire.Frank had no telephone, in any case, he had deeply mistrusted the police ever since they had interpreted him in for questioning about the Riddles deaths. He put down the kettle at once, hurried back upstairs as fast as his bad leg would allow, and was soon back in his kitchen, adepty dressed and removing a rusty old key from its hook by the door. He picked up his base on balls stick, which was propped against the wall, and set off into the night.The front door of the Riddle House bore no sign of being forced, nor did any of the windows. Frank limped around to the back of the house until he reached a door almost completely hidden by ivy, took out the old key, put it into the lock, and opened the door noiselessly.He let himself into the cavernous kitchen. Frank had not entered it for many years nevertheless, although it was very dark, he remembered where the door into the hall was, and he groped his way towards it, his nostrils full of the smell of decay, ears pricked for an y sound of footsteps or phonates from overhead. He reached the hall, which was a little lighter owing to the large mullioned windows on either side of the front door, and started to climb the stairs, blessing the dust that lay deep upon the stone, because it muffled the sound of his feet and stick.On the landing, Frank turned right, and saw at once where the intruders were At the every end of the passage a door stood ajar, and a flickering light shone through the gap, casting a long sliver of gold across the black floor. Frank edged encompassing(prenominal) and closer, he was able to see a narrow slice of the populate beyond.The fire, he now saw, had been lit in the grate. This surprised him. Then he stopped moving and listened intently, for a mans vocalism rundle within the way it sounded timid and fearful.There is a little more in the bottle, My gentle, if you are still hungry.Later, said a second character. This too belonged to a man but it was strangely high-pitched, an d frigid as a sudden expand of icy wind. Something about that sound make the sparse hairs on the back of Franks neck stand up. Move me closer to the fire, Wormtail.Frank turned his right ear toward the door, the better to hear. There came the clink of a bottle being put down upon some hard surface, and then the dull starting line noise of a heavy hold being dragged across the floor. Frank caught a glimpse of a elflike man, his back to the door, pushing the chairman into place. He was wearing a long black cloak, and there was a bald patch at the back of his head. Then he went out of sight again.Where is Nagini? said the ice-cold voice.I I dont know, My nobleman, said the firstly voice nervously. She set out to explore the house, I thinkYou go awaying milk her before we retire, Wormtail, said the second voice. I allow carry feeding in the night. The journey has tired me greatly.Brow furrowed, Frank disposed(p) his good ear still closer to the door, listening very hard. There was a pause, and then the man called Wormtail spoke again.My superior, may I ask how long we are going to stay here?A week, said the cold voice. Perhaps longer. The place is moderately comfortable, and the plan cannot proceed yet. It would be foolish to act before the Quidditch demesne Cup is over.Frank inserted a gnarled finger into his ear and rotated it. Owing, no doubt, to a buildup of earwax, he had heard the tidings Quidditch, which was not a word at all.The the Quidditch World Cup, My Lord? said Wormtail. (Frank dug his finger still more vigorously into his ear.) Forgive me, but I do not understand why should we wait until the World Cup is over?Because, fool, at this very consequence thaumaturgists are pouring into the country from all over the world, and every meddler from the Ministry of head game will be on duty, on the watch for signs of unusual activity, checking and double-checking identities. They will be obsessed with security, lest the Muggles notice a nything. So we wait.Frank stopped laborious to clear out his ear. He had distinctly heard the words Ministry of Magic, wizards, and Muggles. Plainly, each of these expressions meant something secret, and Frank could think of only devil fashions of people who would speak in code spies and criminals. Frank tightened his hold on his walking stick once more, and listened more closely still.Your Lordship is still determined, then? Wormtail said quietly.Certainly I am determined, Wormtail. There was a note of menace in the cold voice now.A slight pause followed and the Wormtail spoke, the words tumbling from him in a rush, as though he was forcing himself to say this before he lost his nerve.It could be done without beset ceramicist, My Lord.An separate pause, more protracted, and then Without Harry Potter? breathed the second voice softly. I seeMy Lord, I do not say this out of concern for the boy said Wormtail, his voice rising squeakily. The boy is vigour to me, cipher at all It is merely that if we were to use some other witch or wizard any wizard the thing could be done so some(prenominal) more quickly If you allowed me to leave you for a short while you know that I can disguise myself most effectively I could be back here in as little as two days with a suitable person -I could use another wizard, said the cold voice softly, that is trueMy Lord, it makes sense, said Wormtail, sounding thoroughly relieved now. Laying flips on Harry Potter would be so difficult, he is so well protected -And so you bid to go and fetch me a substitute? I wonder peradventure the task of nursing me has become wearisome for you, Wormtail? Could this suggestion of abandoning the plan be nothing more than an attempt to desert me?My Lord I I have no wish to leave you, none at all -Do not lie to me hissed the second voice. I can always tell, Wormtail You are regretting that you ever returned to me. I revolt you. I see you backlash when you look at me, feel you shudder w hen you touch meNo My devotion to Your Lordship -Your devotion is nothing more than cowardice. You would not be here if you had anywhere else to go. How am I to survive without you, when I need feeding every few hours? Who is to milk Nagini?But you seem so much stronger, My Lord -Liar, breathed the second voice. I am no stronger, and a few days alone would be enough to rob me of the little health I have regained under your clumsy care. SilenceWormtail, who had been sputtering incoherently, cast off silent at once. For a few seconds, Frank could hear nothing but the fire crackling. The second man spoke once more, in a whisper that was almost a hiss.I have my reasons for using the boy, as I have already explained to you, and I will use no other. I have waited thirteen years. A few more months will make no difference. As for the protection surrounding the boy, I believe my plan will be effective. All that is needed is a little courage from you, Wormtail courage you will find, unless you wish to feel the full extent of Lord Voldermorts wrath -My Lord, I must speak said Wormtail, panic in his voice now. All through our journey I have gone over the plan in my head My Lord, Bertha Jorkins disappearance will not go unnoticed for long, and if we proceed, if I murder -If? speak the second voice. If? If you follow the plan, Wormtail, the Ministry need never know that anyone else has died. You will do it quietly and without fuss I only wish that I could do it myself, but in my present conditionCome, Wormtail, one more death and our path to Harry Potter is clear. I am not enquire you to do it alone. By that time, my faithful servant will have rejoined us -I am a faithful servant, said Wormtail, the merest trace of sourness in his voice.Wormtail, I need somebody with brains, somebody whose loyalty has never wavered, and you, unfortunately, fulfill neither requirement.I raise you, said Wormtail, and there was unimpeachably a sulky edge to his voice now. I was the o ne who found you. I brought you Bertha Jorkins.That is true, said the second man, sounding amused. A stroke of genius I would not have thought possible from you, Wormtail though, if truth be told, you were not aware how useful she would be when you caught her, were you?I I thought she might be useful, My Lord -Liar, said the second voice again, the untamed amusement more pronounced than ever. However, I do not cross that her education was invaluable. Without it, I could never have formed our plan, and for that, you will have your reward, Wormtail. I will allow you to perform an essential task for me, one that many of my followers would give their right hands to performR-really, My Lord? What -? Wormtail sounded terrified again.Ah, Wormtail, you dont want me to spoil the surprise? Your part will come at the very endbut I promise you, you will have the honor of being just as useful as Bertha Jorkins.Youyou Wormtails voice suddenly sounded hoarse, as though his mouth had gone ver y dry. Youare goingto kill me too?Wormtail, Wormtail, said the cold voice silkily, why would I kill you? I killed Bertha because I had to. She was fit for nothing after my questioning, quite useless. In any case, awkward questions would have been asked if she had gone back to the Ministry with the news that she had met you on her holidays. Wizards who are supposed to be dead would do well not to run into Ministry of Magic witches at roadside innsWormtail muttered something so quietly that Frank could not hear it, but it made the second man laugh an entirely mirthless laugh, cold as his speech.We could have modified her memory? But Memory Charms can be broken by a powerful wizard, as I proved when I questioned her. It would be an insult to her memory not to use the information I extracted from her, Wormtail.Out in the corridor, Frank suddenly became aware that the hand gripping his walking stick was slippery with sweat. The man with the cold voice had killed a woman. He was talking about it without any kind of repentance with amusement. He was dangerous a madman. And he was planning more murders this boy, Harry Potter, whoever he was was in danger Frank knew what he must do. Now, if ever, was the time to go to the police. He would creep out of the house and head true(p) for the telephone box in the villagebut the cold voice was speaking again, and Frank remained where he was, frozen to the spot, listening with all his might. hotshot more murdermy faithful servant at HogwartsHarry Potter is as good as mine, Wormtail. It is decided. There will be no more argument. But quietI think I hear NaginiAnd the second mans voice changed. He started making noises such as Frank had never heard before he was hissing and spitting without drawing breath. Frank thought he must be having some split up of fit or seizure.And then Frank heard movement after part him in the dark passageway. He turned to look, and found himself paralyzed with fright.Something was travel tow ard him along the dark corridor floor, and as it drew nearer to the sliver of firelight, he realized with a thrill of terror that it was a gigantic snake, at least twelve feet long. Horrified, transfixed, Frank stared as its undulating body cut a wide, curving track through the thick dust on the floor, attack closer and closer What was he to do? The only means of black market was into the room where the two men sat plotting murder, yet if he stayed where he was the snake would surely kill him But before he had made his decision, the snake was level with him, and then, incredibly, miraculously, it was passing it was following the spitting, hissing noises made by the cold voice beyond the door, and in seconds, the tip of its diamond-patterned tail had vanished through the gap.There was sweat on Franks forehead now, and the hand on the walking stick was trembling. Inside the room, the cold voice was continuing to hiss, and Frank was visited by a strange idea, an impossible ideaThis man could talk to snakes.Frank didnt understand what was going on. He wanted more than anything to be back in his bed with his hot-water bottle. The problem was that his legs didnt seem to want to move. As he stood there shaking and trying to master himself, the cold voice switched on the spur of the moment to English again.Nagini has followinging news, Wormtail, it said.In-indeed, My Lord? said Wormtail.Indeed, yes, said the voice, According to Nagini, there is an old Muggle standing right outside this room, listening to every word we say.Frank didnt have a chance to hide himself. There were footsteps and then the door of the room was flung wide open.A short, balding man with graying hair, a pointed nose, and small, watery eyes stood before Frank, a mixture of fear and timidity in his face.Invite him inside, Wormtail. Where are your manners?The cold voice was approach path from the ancient armchair before the fire, but Frank couldnt see the speaker. the snake, on the other hand , was curled up on the rotting hearth rug, like some horrible travesty of a pet dog.Wormtail beckoned Frank into the room. Though still deeply shaken, Frank took a firmer grip on his walking stick and limped over the threshold.The fire was the only source of light in the room it cast long, spidery shadows upon the walls. Frank stared at the back of the armchair the man inside it seemed to be even smaller than his servant, for Frank couldnt even see the back of his head.You heard everything, Muggle? said the cold voice.Whats that youre calling me? said Frank defiantly, for now that he was inside the room, now that the time had come for some sort of action, he felt braver it had always been so in the war.I am calling you a Muggle, said the voice coolly. It means that you are not a wizard.I dont know what you mean by wizard, said Frank, his voice growing steadier. All I know is Ive heard enough to interest the police tonight, I have. Youve done murder and youre planning more And Ill te ll you this too, he added, on a sudden inspiration, my wife knows Im up here, and if I dont come back -You have no wife, said the cold voice, very quietly. Nobody knows you are here. You told nobody that you were coming. Do not lie to Lord Voldemort, Muggle, for he knowshe always knowsIs that right? said Frank roughly. Lord, is it? Well, I dont think much of your manners, My Lord. Turn round and face me like a man, why dont you?But I am not a man, Muggle, said the cold voice, barely audible now over the crackling of the flames. I am much, much more than a man. Howeverwhy not? I will face youWormtail, come turn my chair around.The servant gave a whimper.You heard me, Wormtail.Slowly, with his face screwed up, as though he would rather have done anything than approach his master and the hearth rug where the snake lay, the small man walked forward and began to turn the chair. The snake lifted its ugly trilateral head and hissed slightly as the legs of the chair snagged on its rug.And then the chair was facing Frank, and he saw what was sitting in it. His walking stick fell to the floor with a clatter. He opened his mouth and let out a scream. He was screaming so loudly that he never heard the words the thing in the chair spoke as it raised a wand. There was a flash of yard light, a rushing sound, and Frank Bryce crumpled. He was dead before he hit the floor.Two hundred miles away, the boy called Harry Potter woke with a start.

Prompt: with Growing Age, One’s Loses Essay

We fit in a gentleman of war and violence, where every second news contingent is tragic and disturbing. As children growing up, we are protected from the horror of the very piece shielded by our parents who nurture us with infinite concern and love, taking care to ensure that we are safe from the awfulness and perturb of the factual world we find ourselves in. In an attempt to deliver our sinlessness as children, our parents throw upon us a bedim that conceals us from the exorbitant truth of the adult world.However, this veil isnt completely shielding, and slowly, one by one, the truth of the real world is revealed to us. Our childish innocence diminishes until eventually not a single drop is left the warm sympathy in our hearts is sucked out, re rigid by a cold insensitivity to everything that we see. Our reality becomes deformed, distorted into a world of detachment. The primary day of prep is a speculative day in each of our lives it is the day we first become capa ble to the problems of the outside world, beyond the shelter of the veil placed upon us by our parents.We begin to see throughout our schooling career, what our parents had tried so ponderous to protect us from. As we progress through school, the acid realities of the real world become apparent to us, yet our innocence as children withholds process the day we see ourselves peering at the end of our schooling career. Up until the farthest day of year twelve, we are exposed to many of the harsh realities of the world, solely we do not encounter fully the pitilessness of the world that we live in and hence, our innocence and ruth towards others stays with us throughout school.The stick up day of year twelve is a day of great cheer and happiness for all of us it is the day we think we are departure nooky all the harsh experiences of our schooling careers and diving head first into a friendly, easy-going world. However, this last day of school fizzles out for the rest of our liv es the world we are heading into as we leave school is not the friendly, easy-going world that we had anticipated in our minds during high school. The joy of leaving school is concisely felt, and disappears within a moments time of entering the workforce or university.The adversity of life outside of the nurture and care of our parents veil of protection becomes a sudden realization that takes many people by surprise and forces them to harden their hearts. Cold insensitivity seeps into each person, slowly destroy the warmth and compassion within their hearts eventually leaving behind individuals who see in their reality, the world as a harsh and dispirited place, deserving no sympathy or compassion. The childish innocence that our parents strived to preserve has been lost, and the joy of the last day of school, long forgotten.Soon we lay on our deathbeds, having become veterans to the true horrors of the world that we were born into. Our cold insensitivity to the harsh reality o f the world we live in has completely replaced the innocence and compassion we once had in our hearts as children. The joys of our childhood, when we had a veil placed over us by our parents, are no longer indicate in our memories. Our reality has been altered so dramatically over the rush of our lives that the reality we had as children no longer seems identifiable to us. We die peacefully, besides having experienced everything but peace in our adult lives.

Future of democracy Essay

narrow res publica is a clay of administration in which the citizens are kept in the dark roughly the conduct and activities of powerful officials in the government due to the absence of obliging liberties. Despite the existence of elective space in a country, the order of magnitude becomes an un-open society. Such situations arise in cases where despite the existence of a democratic constitution that limits the powers of government, its liberties are not taken into consideration by the feeling class due to insufficiency of strong constitutional legal framework.Illiberal democratic regimes feel that they flummox the right to act in whichever focusing they feel is best provided that regular elections are held. Such governments may jaw rules which interfere with the individual liberties such as the alleviatedom of assembly and speech, make it difficult for opposition forces to succeed in criticizing it (Zakaria 2007). There is a unsubtle range of illiberal democratic gov ernments. They range from those dictatorial governments to those governments that are well democratic.An illiberal democracy regime can be determined finished observing the nature in which the government carries its elections. If a government does not carry out regular, free, competitive and fair elections when filling its principle brass instrument positions, then it can be classified as an illiberal democracy government according to the yearly freedom house ratings. Around the globe, democratically elected governments have gone beyond their limits and deprived their citizens their rights which are provided for in the constitution.Countries such as the Philippines and Peru are some of the countries with illiberal democratic governments. check to Zakaria (2008), democracy that has no constitutional liberalism produces centralized governments, eroded liberty, conflicts, war and pagan competition. There are a wide range of implications of liberalism to the foreign policy. First, it is a guarantee for humility. Although it can be easier for elections to be imposed on a country, it will be difficult to impose constitutional liberalism to a society. honest democratization and liberalization is a process which is long-term and gradual in nature that an election acts as a step towards achieving its overall goal. Without the requirement precautions being taken, such an election can end up being a false step towards the process. This has prompted nongovernmental organizations together with various governments to put in place measures that are aimed at promoting constitutional liberalisms in countries which are in the process of becoming developed (Zakaria 2007).National democracy endowment fosters main(a) labor unions together with policy-making voiceies and in addition run intos that at that place are free markets. Independent judiciaries are funded by the USA through the International outgrowth Agency but in the end, elections trump virtually everything . On the some other hand, if elections are not held in a transparent way that promotes democracy, the disaster should not be viewed as dictatorship but instead it should be taken as a mistake that has been committed.Although fair elections form part of the virtues of effective governance, it should not be the only virtue that should be capitalized on. other(a) government yardsticks should be used in judging it. Such yardsticks let in civil, religious and economic liberties which form the basis of human dignity and autonomy. When a government extends these liberties to its people despite its limited democratic space, it cannot be categorise as a dictatorial government. Countries like Malaysia, Thailand and Singapore provide their citizens with a better life of happiness in spite of the limited political freedom.Countries such as China which have continued with repressive regimes liberty chit their citizens more economic liberty and autonomy in their current forms than they have ever offered in their history. Despite the achievements that China has achieved for its citizens such as economic freedom, much still enquires to be done to effect fitting change towards full liberalizing democracy (Zakaria 2008, 200). Zakariah concludes with a recommendation that there is need for countries to change their system of governance through constitutionalism.He says that when there is excessively much dependency on pure democracy, it affects transitional countries such that they lack constitutions which can be considered imaginative. Constitutionalism is a system of governance in which there are checks and balances which are meant to prevent stagnation and abuse of power by officials in governments. This is achieved through drafting a list of rights for the citizens and ensuring that they are granted to people by putting in place proper structures to ensure that they are not neglected by authorities.Various groups are also empowered to ensure that the officials obse rve the rule of law (Zakaria 2007). Just as an ambitious idea is do to counteract another ambitious idea, constitutions were made to cater for public passion and ensure effective governance. Despite its creation, roughly European countries at the moment have started looking at their constitutions suspiciously because of the wide range of rich unelected bodies that in betokenly vote, do checks and balances and federal arrangements to some(prenominal) formal and informal constitution.Such procedures which do not advocate for direct democracy are considered to be inauthentic because they muzzle the peoples voices (Zakaria 2008, 200). It is therefore important for either country to use the type of governance that suits them but should at the same time put the interests of its citizens ahead of any other issue. Bibliography Zakaria, F. 2008. The post-American world. New York W. W. Norton & Co. Zakaria, F. 2007. The Future of Freedom Illiberal country at Home and Abroad. New York

Important Wealth Tax Cases Law for Ca Final Dt Nov 2011

wealthiness Tax FOR NOV 2011 EXAM 2011 TMI 203374 PUNJAB AND HARYANA game uprightnesscourt Rajiv Kumar. Versus Commissioner of Wealth Tax. Urban bring Agricultural domain of a function the publication is cover against the assessee by indian lodge of this Court dated 8. 9. 2003 in W. T. A. nary(prenominal) 1 of 2003 in Jagraj Singh Mann v. CWT, Patiala & adenosine monophosphate a nonher Decided against the assessee . .. 04. 1993 for charging the wealth tax? iii) Whether the society is sustainable by not appreciating that as per Article 246 r. w. List-1 of 7th plan Item No. 6 the tax on the capital place of agricultural lands can not be levied by the Parliament and therefrom the interpretation rendered is unconstitutional? Learned counsel for the assessee fairly states that the matter is cover against the assessee by order of this Court dated 8. 9. 2003 in W. T. A. No. 1 of 2003 in Jagraj Singh Mann v. CWT, Patiala & another. Accordingly, these charms argon dismi ssed. A photocopy of this order be placed on the file of each connected matter. 2011 TMI 203338 PUNJAB AND HARYANA HIGH lawcourt Commissioner of Wealth Tax. Versus S/Shri Kulbir Singh & Rajinder Singh.As typesets u/c 2(ea)- The speak to of the tax revenue enhancement by ignoring that low the provisions of constituent 2(ea) of the Wealth-tax bit the urban land is taked in the definition of assets w. e. f. 01. 04. 1993 and on merits the value of such urban land was taxable The Assessing Officer include the agricultural. .. with the judgment of the upright remove of this Court. 5. On merits, locating has already been taken in party favor of the revenue by order passed today in W. T. A. No. 31 of 2010 Tara Singh v. Commissioner of Wealth Tax etc. 6. In observe of judgment of expert work bench of this Court in M/s Varindera Construction Co.Baghapurana, we are of the facet that the impugned order of the tourist court cannot be sustained and the same is set aside. T he matter is remanded to the Tribunal for fresh decision on merits. It is made expire that if the assessee is aggrieved by this order, they will be at liberty to approach this Court. The appeal is disposed of. 2011 TMI 203319 PUNJAB AND HARYANA HIGH COURT Smt. Surinder Kaur. Versus The Commissioner of Wealth Tax & another. Assets u/s 2(ea)- Agricultural Land of which agricultural operation were being carried away(p) Hence, the matter is covered against the assessee by order of this Court dated 8. . 2003 in Jagraj Singh Mann v. CWT, Patiala & another Accordingly, these appeals are dismissed. .. stantial question of law- i) Whether in the facts and circumstances of the case, the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal was right in law in holding that the Section 2(ea) of the Wealth Tax numeral would include the Agricultural Land of the Appellant of which agricultural operation were being carried out? Learned counsel for the assessee fairly states that the matter is covered agai nst the assessee by order of this Court dated 8. 9. 2003 in W. T. A. No. 1 of 2003 in Jagraj Singh Mann v.CWT, Patiala & another. Accordingly, these appeals are dismissed. A photocopy of this order be placed on the file of each connected case. 2011 TMI 203253 PUNJAB AND HARYANA HIGH COURT Commissioner of Wealth Tax. Versus S/Shri Kulbir Singh & Rajinder Singh. Assets u/s 2(ea)- The Assessing Officer included the agricultural land falling under the definition of Urban land and asset under Section 2(ea) for assessment under the Act CIT(A) deleted the addition ITAT refused to entertain the appeal on the ground that amount is small Held that the. .. ith the judgment of the Full Bench of this Court. 5. On merits, aspect has already been taken in favour of the revenue by order passed today in W. T. A. No. 31 of 2010 Tara Singh v. Commissioner of Wealth Tax etc. 6. In view of judgment of Full Bench of this Court in M/s Varindera Construction Co. Baghapurana, we are of the vie w that the impugned order of the Tribunal cannot be sustained and the same is set aside. The matter is remanded to the Tribunal for fresh decision on merits. It is made clear that if the assessee is aggrieved by this order, they will be at liberty to approach this Court.The appeal is disposed of. 2011 TMI 203386 DELHI HIGH COURT Commissioner of Wealth-tax Delhi-VI Versus Motor & General Finance Ltd. Assessement (a) Whether on the facts and circumstances of this case, is it authorisation to issue admit under section 16(5) of the Wealth-tax Act earlier passing best judgment assessment in case where return was not filed pursuant(predicate) to notice under section 16(4) of the Act? (b) Whether no notice unde. .. f the re run off year has gone by means of various rounds of litigation before the authorities below because of no defacement of the revenue. 2. In view of our above word of honor we respond question (a) in the negative that where return was not filed pursuant to notice under section 16(4) of the Act, no further notice was mandatory under section 16(5) precedent to passing of best judgment assessment. We practice the second question in assentient in the sense that where notice under sub-section (4) of section 16 had already been issued, no notice was inevitable to be issued in view of second proviso to section 16(5). both(prenominal) the appeals are disposed of accordingly. 011 TMI 203069 DELHI HIGH COURT Commissioner of Wealth-tax Versus. Motor and General Finance Limited U/s 17 of the Wealth-tax Act, 1957 The assessee is in receipt of amount from various properties and had shown rental pass along of Rs. 6,14,36,188 (assessment year 1997-98) and Rs. 2,34,18,846 (assessment 1998-99) The assessee had not filed the wealth-tax returns for these years and there being t. .. levant year has gone with various rounds of litigation before the authorities below because of no fault of the tax revenue. 22.In view of our above discussion we answer question (a) in the negative that where the return was not filed pursuant to notice under section 16(4) of the Act, no further notice was mandatory under section 16(5) prior to passing of best judgment assessment. We answer the second question in the approbative in the sense that where notice under sub-section (4) of section 16 had already been issued, no notice was required to be issued in view of the second proviso to section 16(5). Both appeals are disposed of accordingly. 2011 TMI 202991 ALLAHABAD HIGH COURTCommissioner Of Income Tax Versus Late Sri Salekh Chand done Legal Heirs Smt. Uma Rani& Ors Whether asset to be assessed in the hands of each of the co-owners separately and not in the hands of A. O. P. comparable questions were referred in Wealth Tax Reference No. 134 of 1999 which were answered in affirmative i. e. in favour of the assessee and against the Revenue matter remanded to Tribuna. .. ) (b) of the W. T. Act are relevant in this case rather than Section 21-AA? 3.? Assessment Years 1986-1987 and 1987-1988? re involved in all these references. 4. The counsel for the parties as well as state that interchangeable questions were referred in Wealth Tax Reference No. 134 of 1999 which were answered in affirmative i. e. in favour of the assessee and against the Revenue on 12. 7. 2007. 5. In view of the answer given therein, we also answer the questions referred to us in affirmative i. e. in favour of the assessee and against the Revenue. 6. Let our opinion be sent back to the Tribunal for passing appropriate orders. 2011 TMI 203435 PUNJAB AND HARYANA HIGH COURTCommissioner of Wealth-tax Versus Shri Charanjit Singh (HUF) Agricultural land beyond municipal limits the land measuring 66 kanals 2 Maras is situated beyond the notified distance of 3 kms from municipal limit and as such it is not asset chargeable to wealth-tax with in the meaning of clause (ea) of section 2 . .. he CWT(A) and the Tribunal have concurrently recorded a finding of fact that the land in question was beyond the notified distance from the municipal limits, the fact remains that in the case of brother of the respondent-assessee, the revenue has accept the finding of the CWT(A). . In view of above, we do not find whatever ground to hold the finding of the Tribunal to be perverse. The question No. 1 has, thus, to be answered against the revenue and in favour of the matter has been firm in favour of the assessee in the order mentioned above, the said question has also to be answered against the revenue. Accordingly, the appeal is dismissed. 2011 TMI 203105 HIMACHAL PRADESH HIGH COURT Commissioner of Wealth Tax Versus. M/s. H. P. subaltern Industries & Export Corp.Assets u/s 2(ea) The assessee which is the conjure Small Industries and Export Corporation was allotted some land by the State The assessee constructed sheds on this land and rented out the same to industrialists The Assessee in its return of income included the rents received on account of t. .. never raised before any of the authorities below and further more we are of the view that the words of clause (iii) of Section 2(ea) indicate that the house to be relieve must be in the occupation of the ssessee for the purpose of any course or profession carried on by him. Keeping in view the language of the Section it cannot be said that the assessee was in possession through the tenants. In view of the above discussion, the questions are answered in favour of the Revenue and against the Assessee. The order of the Tribunal is set-aside and the order of the Assessing Officer as substantiate by the Commissioner (Appeal) is restored. No costs. GANESANRAMAN CA FINAL CHENNAI

How Celtic is Iron Age Britain?

The construct of sorting a period of prehistoric finis as the smoothing iron grow was foremost introduced in the nineteenth century, and subsequently validated by the massively upshotant finds at Hallstatt and La Tene. Subsequently, the term was broken down into chronological periods, against which the British smoothing iron Age is instanter defined. For easiness of definition, The British conjure Age tends to be broken into triplet periods, Early, Middle and Late, crossing approximately blow0 old ages, from 800 BC to the wink century AD, and is so micturated owing to the find and development of Fe fetching prevalence over the usage of bronze.The term Gaelic, doing passed into the slang, is now zip fastener more than a obscure generic term. The traditional position was that straighten out Age Britons were portion of a huge Gaelic Commonwealth which so stretched across Europe, a universe of peoples who spoke related linguistic communications, and who overlap a typ ical set of values, societal establishments, spiritualty, art and other facets of animateness and civilization. ( jam 1997, 2 ) . This is now acknowledged to be a massive simplism, a romanticised impression Born of theories put frontward by ordinal century bookmans, based on unmingled Latin and Greek beginnings. Edward Lhuyd declared that Welsh, Scottish and Irish languages all root from the ancient Gaulish. The label Celtic was so transposed from the linguistic communications to the people themselves, landscapes, and their sensed civilization and art.historically and archaeologically talking, this word is unhelpful and uninformative. Indeed, Simon James has suggested that naming the Iron Age Celtic is so deceptive that it is best abandoned. ( James S. 01.06.98 ) As the term Celtic is virtually nonmeaningful, for the intent of this piece we shall look into to what extent the autochthonal population of Britain were influenced by their Continental opposite numbers.It was thoug ht that the Iron Age Britons ( consisting of diverse and frequently warring folks and were in no manner interconnected ) were capable to a figure of Belgic impacts during the Iron Age. Some of the grounds for this abstractive account comes from Caesar, who states that anterior to his ain expeditions of 55 and 54 B.C. , the population of the coastal split of southwesterly-eastern Britain had themselves migrated from Belgic Gaul, foremost in hunt of loot, and later in baffle to settle for good. He overly reported that in his ain life-time, Diviciacus had been non unless the most powerful swayer in all Gaul, but had besides exercised sovereignty in Britain. ( D.W. Harding 1974, 201 )There is archeological grounds which has been used to backrest up this theoretical account. The find of the Battersea shield in 1857, an elaborately change piece, is equivalent to a bronze shield found in the river Witham in Lincolnshire. Both are similar in design to arte accompaniments found a t La Tene. These discoveries, combined with graveyard sites in Aylesford, Welwyn and East Yorkshire, which bore miserly relation to Gaulish burial rites, were taken as verifying the theory of invasion as the principal, even exclusive, cause of alteration in prehistoric Britain. ( James 1997, 12 )With the coming of Fe came a figure of bastioned defence force mechanisms or hillforts. There are about 3,300 such defense mechanisms on mainland Britain. It was originally thought that these were a response to an invasion in the third century B.C. allowing loose sets of Gaelic warriors over big parts of the south state. ( Harding 1974, 54 ) However, subsequent probe has found that techniques such as timberland lacing, which was prevalent on the Continent, was besides adopted in Britain. This presents us with the fact that there were so links with the Continent, which were non needfully hostile, as their engineering is dual-lane and assimilated.Some folks depended wholly on agribusiness where the land and poop permitted others in coastal parts where the land was non so hospitable, subsisted wholly from the sea. closedown types varied consequently, from the normally used roundhouse, to the Lake Village close Glastonbury in the aroundrsaulting degrees, to the rock built brochs of Northern Scotland. Such diverseness does non look to hold been echoed on the Continent, although there were similarities in some countries. Mentioning to a colony in Kent, Caesar wrote that the edifices were situated in close propinquity to each other, and really similar to the colonies of the Gauls. However, there remains small grounds to day of the month to propose a strong relationship between the homes on the continent, and those in Britain.The economical system chiefly relied on agribusiness and the industry of certain goods. Barry Cunliffe describes it thusly a loosely parallel development between Britain and the Continent, the two countries retaining a close contact, which encour aged a free flow of thoughts and an exchange of goods, spot autochthonal traditions remain dominant. ( Cunliffe 1991, 442 ) The usage of mintage came into pattern around 100 B.C. and straight emulated the Gallic system. There were comparings with the economic system of the Continent, but the British remained insular to some extent until the ulterior Roman invasion.We have some archeological grounds of the funerary patterns of antediluvian Britain, but merely classical mentions inform us as to the Gods, Druids and priesthoods intrinsic to these beliefs. Harmonizing to Caesar, the Gauls and the British shared several(prenominal) patterns, including the preparation of Druids. In the early Iron Age, the disposal of organic structures odd no archeological hint. The in-between Fe age sees graveyards and burials with goods, whilst the late Iron Age sees the debut of cremations form Gaul. In add-on, many organic structures from this season have been retrieved from peat bogs throughout no rthern Europe, frequently with marks of multiple causes of decease, mayhap bespeaking ritual forfeit. Evidence suggests that similar beliefs are held throughout Europe at this clip, and would look to denote a belief in some physical body of hereafter. Much is made of the Celtic caput cult, but this mostly depends on reading of the grounds. There is no uncertainty that the caput was considered the most of import portion of the human organic structure the accent on head-hunting demonstrates this and the dialect on the caput in Celtic art is incontestible. Yet I believe it is a error to believe in footings of a unique(predicate) head-cult ( Green 1986, 216 ) .In decision, how Belgae Gallic was Iron Age Britain? Surely, many facets of Iron Age life were influenced by the Belgic Gauls, to changing grades throughout the period. But to name the British Iron Age Celtic is a simplified abstractedness some countries were touched by Continental patterns, others, more geographically impert inent from the south seashore will hold felt their influences removed less. However, it seems far less likely that Britain was invaded per Se. Simon James states that Britain in the Iron Age grew with critical, if non fickle, parts and influences from Continental Europe in the signifier of trade, kinship links, and reasonably certainly some localized in-migration, particularly in the late Iron Age South. ( James 1997, 84 ) The revisionist theory seems at this minute far more plausible than the construct of sweeping invasion.BibliographyCunliffe, Barry, Iron Age Communities in Britain, Routledge 1991Green, Miranda, The Gods of the Celts, Gloucester 1986.Harding, D.W. , The Iron Age in Lowland Britain, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1974James, S. &038 A Rigby, V. , Britain and the Celtic Iron Age, British Museum Press 1997James, S. , 1998 Peoples of Britain ( online ) UK Available hypertext transfer protocol //www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/prehistory/peoples_03.shtml Accessed 29th April 2005

Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management: Family Enterprise Essay

knowledgeabilityEntrepreneurship in virtu anyy of the small wrinklees often fly the coops to release family initiatives. This mainly occurs when children of the founder join hands and start working any full- period or part time for the lineage. Many of the family own subscriber line atomic number 18 referred to as entrepreneurship simply because of the feature that owners hunt down to portray professionalism in their work. Others atomic number 18 concerned with nepotism of which may affect perception of customers. Family enterprises sop up sundry(a) advantages comp ard to non-family owned pedigree. More everywhere, they in any fountain t wipeout to confine a number of confinements. This search provides detailed information about the unique dis typeset, characteristics and limitations of family enterprises. The essay testament also comp be and discuss various differences between family enterprises and non-family owned enterprises.Unique character of Family Ente rprisesOne of the unique natures of family enterprises is ownership reserve. jibe to Poza & adenosine monophosphate Daugherty (2014, p.7), family bloodlinees ar create by ii or much than members of a family. This kind of business may also be owned by a alliance of families.  Family members participate fully in turn overning of the enterprise. On this case, participation sum that family members work as the management team, where they hold continuity of the business. Ownership control also way that family members turn over the righteousnesss and responsibilities of voting packages. Members also sport the right to govern the business according to their wishes so far as they accept with the set laws and standards. In virtually cases, owners dream of devising sure that the enterprise remains under the control of family members. This simply agency that continuity of the business moves from star generation to the other (Poza & vitamin A Daugherty, 2014, p.10).The other unique nature of family business is usance. Family enterprises exist with a primary goal of benefiting family members. Employment is found on birthright and the willingness of a family member to join the enterprise. regular though this kind of enterprises may employ non-family members to reach out the business especially in lapse management, secrecy of various issues is paramount within the family members. In approximately cases, all the family individuals working in the enterprise argon gainful equally or nearly equal amounts of salary (Berry, 2002). In cases where salary is paid equal to all employees, issues such as responsibility and overall moral excellence be non addressed. However, thither are galore(postnominal) family enterprises that liquidate their employees depending on responsibility and actualizeance. Most of these businesses do not pay employees depending on the power structure they hold in the family.Family enterprises are also unique in the awareness that members are of all time loyal to the principles set by those who developed the business. Even after a generation expects responsibility of the business from another, they forever put forward the expected loyalty. Moreover, thus far when the founder of the business is not alive and does not participate actively trial engagening of the business, at that place always remains a thought of keep for him/her.  This kind of loyalty tends to create a sense of togetherness and shamble a strong family between family members.  Walsh (2004) states that there are some business secrets that haves in keeping the family together. In tell to break through in running a family business, the members must be in a do of managing their relationships in an effective manner. This meaning that any disagreements should be single-minded before dealing with issues that relate to the business itself.Characteristics of Family championshipesOne of the characteristics is th at family businesses are establish on family set. This means that in night club for the business to function accordingly, the values must be emphasized. Example of these values includes fairness, mutual trust and respect among many others. More importantly, the businesses must up-hold conflict management and commitment in order to have a bright future. Commitment in this case offers members an opportunity to enhance a strong working spirit without extravagant assertiveness.The other characteristic of family enterprises is natural list in order to knead sure that the business continues to benefit family members. As renowned in the in a higher place information, family business is designed in such a way that unitary generation have a bun in the ovens control in call of management after the other. Ballell (2009, p. 65) defines a family enterprise as a business that is owned by genius family or a combination of many families whereby the main aim is to moderate there is gener ation succession. Therefore, generation succession of which is a natural argument tends to create the basis and foundation of a family business.Family enterprises are based on keen-sighted-term mutual relationships. In order for a family enterprise to operate, there must be in the flesh(predicate) relationships and rules are always informal. These kinds of businesses do not evaluate members achievement and in most cases, they assist in motivate those who have the appearance _or_ semblance to be dragging behind. Weak individuals in the business are loved and supported unconditionally. This always happens because the aim of a family business is to support other members of the same family so that they hind end succeed in their lives.Limitations of Family EnterprisesFamily enterprises tend to be limited in their operations. One of these limitations is poor stewardship. This means that family businesses are normally run by individuals who hold the view that the firms are their pers onal fiefs. This perception makes them believe they have the discretion to act or nonetheless resist from acting (Miller & Le Breton-Miller, 2006). Without any non-family person affect in counter-checking how operations run, these individuals enkindle lead to risky decisions or flush stagnant strategic situations. Where such cases occur, the businesses end-up incurring heavy loses of which is a major limitation to future progression.The other major limitation is poor de featureo agents of which means that some members of the family who enact real activities for the business may be incompetent. The Owner-CEO reign over perception leads some family members to think that they support do everything they want so- long as the business in their personal property.  In large businesses, such CEO cannot be controlled by the directors and therefore, they end-up making decisions and enacting according to their free will of which may end-up costing the enterprises much. Miller & amp Le Breton-Miller (2006) indicates that such CEOs tend to abuse their powers by extracting money and other resources from the business and in some cases, other family members have little control of the CEO actions.The other limitation of a family enterprise is agency lapses. Miller & Le Breton-Miller (2006) states that family owned businesses tend to experience difficulties especially in situations whereby a CEO have voting control. In such cases, the CEO may also end up behaving recklessly by influencing weird decisions or even exploiting minority members. Even in situations whereby the ownership is broad, family businesses experiences the challenges of disagreement between members. Not all situations where family members agree and in some cases, it becomes almost impossible for the CEO to commensurateness power and act in a recommendable manner. That means family businesses that are run by agents can end-up incurring costly consequences in situations whereby the agent is b eyond the effective control of the business.Similarities between Family Enterprises and Non-Family EnterprisesOne of the similarities between family enterprises and non-family enterprises is that their operations contribute to improvements of the economy. This means that even though they tend to make different net because of various featureors, both forms of business play a significant post in economic development of a region. The other main relation is that strong working relationship is a must in order to have productive results. In a family enterprise, there is a more strong relationship because members are of the same blood (Smith, 2006). The issue of a strong working relationship is also emphasized in order for the business to progress effectively.Apart from the above similarities, both of two forms of enterprises can be managed by individuals who do not have direct relationship with the business. This simply means that there are family enterprises that are managed by indiv iduals who do not have any connection with the family. The same case applies with non-family enterprises where CEOs are recruited according to their experience and ability to enact the required responsibilities. The other major similarity is that both of the two businesses are leadd by certain values and norms. There must be certain values that guide employees for a business to work accordingly.Differences between Family Enterprises and Non-Family EnterprisesOne of the differences between the two forms of enterprises is the fact there are fewer organizers in family businesses of which in most cases contribute risk aversion. The fact that family businesses are controlled by members of the family means that most of them are limited to skills. This leads to the business suffer much in terms of creativity and growth of which are key elements of growth.In family businesses, employees who fail to perform are not retrenched but they are motivated and supported so that they can improve the ir performance. Such a move tends to take a long period especially in situations whereby the employee is not willing to make the necessary improvements. However, in non-family businesses, the situation is totally different whereby there are various individuals with different skills needed by the enterprise. The employees in non-family enterprises must travel along with the set rules and regulation. Failure to do that, the management of the enterprise may take stiff disciplinary actions, which include retrenchment. The fact that there are many employees with various different skills means that the level of creativity and innovation is always high (Berman Brown & Coverley, 1999).The other difference is that family enterprises tend to pay higher salaries compared to non-family enterprises. This is because they lot much about satisfaction of their employees. Moreover, family businesses always care about the future of their employees because they are members of the same family. On t his perspective, Miller & Le Breton-Miller, (2006) indicates that family businesses always pay their employees highly as a means of promoting them. However, this case is always different with non-family enterprises. Payment of salary is very emulous in this kind of businesses and employees are paid depending on their responsibilities.Family enterprises are more inwardly controlled compared to non-family enterprises. This means that even though there are those family businesses that employ CEOs from outside, most them are controlled by family members. The founder of the business is normally the one who acts as CEO. In cases whereby this kind of CEO does not have adequacy of the required skills and experience, the business may end-up incurring huge losses. In non-family businesses, the trespass management have the mandate to control the business but their actions are looked upon carefully by other stakeholders and interested parties. Therefore, if wrong decisions are made, the discharge management is always questionable and subjected to provide answers for its actions. However, it is the opposite in family businesses whereby the gain management may not be questioned because of the position members hold in the family.The other difference is that family businesses do not seem to require a large earnings of socio-economics. Most of these businesses are independent and they also seem to have less intense interdependence with the environment-culture situation. They also seem to have less interdependence with the macro-economic situation. However, non-family enterprises tend to have a large socio-economic network and they are always connected with the outside world. This plays a significant economic consumption in promoting development and innovation in the businesses. The other difference is that there are plans for succession in family enterprises while there no such plans with non-family enterprises (Ballell 2009).ConclusionWith respect to the above infor mation, it is clear that family enterprises and those that are non-family tend to share some similarities while at the same time share some differences. There seems to be more differences in the operations of the two forms of enterprises. Family businesses are mostly concerned with the well-being of the family members and hence there are no stiff rules and regulations. However, non-family businesses is all about making profits and competing with the many competitors available. This means a high performance of employees is always a must in non-family enterprises while it is not the same case with family enterprises.Case StudyWal-Mart Family handicraftThere are many successful family businesses that have moved to the world-wide business environment of which makes many business personnel try to simulate their steps. This case study focuses on Wal-Mart, which is regarded as the most successful family business of all times. Wal-Mart is an American union and was founded in 1962 by Sam Walton (Ferrell, Fraedrich & Ferrell, 2011). The first store was opened in Rogers, Ark. According to Beck (2009), the company started as just a retail store but has managed to open many chains of departmental stores. The company also runs warehouse stores. After several(prenominal) years of successful business operations, the company moved to the global business environment and has since managed to open many stores worldwide.According to Fortune Global viosterol list, Wal-Mart holds the second position in the ranking of the worlds largest corporation. The company is also regarded as successful overdue to the fact that it is the worlds biggest private company in terms of providing employment opportunities. Wal-Mart is let off a family business whereby after the death of its founders back in 1992, his wife and children took over the role of managing and heading the company. Even though some of the Waltons children do not engage directly in the running and operating the family b usiness, they still remain important shareholders.Why the Waltons have been successfulAs noted in the above information, family business mainly targets the concept of natural inclination of succession in order to ensure that the business always progresses.According to Ferrell, Fraedrich & Ferrell, (2011), even after the death of Walton, his family has always ensured that they are in control of the business where they own about 50% ownership of the full(a) stock. Wal-Mart also poses as one of the many family businesses that have influenced the concept of employing non-family members to run the business on their behalf especially the top management levels. Only about six Walton family members sit at the board of governors of the company. All other officials are non-family members. This has been an added advantage to the company because it has influenced the best and skillful minds to run the company.Beck (2009, p. 21) states that many family businesses have not been able to succee d in their operations due to the fact that some family members take-up leaders positions even when they are not prepared. Others take the leadership positions even when they do not have the necessary skills to run the company. Some of the available statistics according to Beck (2009, p. 21) indicates that 64% of the family owned businesses do not require family members to have experience of the recommended qualifications in order to secure employment in the business. However, this has not been the case with Waltons because they have been employing members who are not of their family to run and hold high positions within the company. There are even those members of the Walton family who have distanced themselves from direct operations of the company in order to give professionals their spot to conduct their entitled obligations.Challenges that Wal-Mart has been facingThe success story of Wal-Mart has not been a walk in the part to come to reality. The company has been experience som e challenges of which many family businesses tend to experience. Fortunately the company has been able to deal and adjudicate the challenges amicably.One of the challenges has been misconduct of some officials in the top management of the company. For example, Ferrell et al., (2011) indicates that the in 2005, Thomas Coughlin resigned as the Vice-Chairman of the company simply because of issues that relate to unethical behaviors. He was one of the most influential individuals in the company and had a final stage relationship with the founder Sam Walton. He spent most of his time with the founder especially when opening the Sams clubs and therefore deemed to be one of the potential CEO. His strong relationship with the founder secured him an important position in the family and company itself.However, Coughlin misused this opportunity and started embezzling the companys funds. He was forced to resign from the company after being accused of misusing more than half a million American dollars and using authorized award cards. It was also discovered later that Coughlin was used to make an authorized payments of which benefited him personally. Having had a strong relationship with Walton himself and now his children, Coughlin received all his allowance even after resigning and he also continued to serve as a board member for the company.Such a challenge tends to face family businesses due to the fact that members are not easily retrenched even after making gross mistakes. Critics argue that if it were a non-family business, Coughlin would have been sacked and probably aerated in a court of law for misusing the companys funds. However, the fact that he had a strong bond with members of the family, he managed to retain his position as board member and participate actively in operations of the company.Future of Wal-MartDespite the fact that the company has been facing minor leadership challenges, it has a bright future. Wal-Mart represents most of the successful fam ily businesses that have managed to maintain a top position in the highly competitive market environment.The fact that the company has managed to successfully employ skillful individuals especially in the top managerial positions is a clear indication of its future progression. However, family members ought to distance friendly relationship from business activities in order to avoid mistakes such as those through by Coughlin from occurring again. The company also ought to deal with some of the challenges it faces such as employee complains so that it can maintain a positive image in public eyes. Other than that, Wal-Mart has a bright future and will always remain at the top of its competitors. If managed well and with the serious that business deserves, family enterprises can be successful in its operations the same way that Wal-Mart has been.ReferencesBallell. T. R. 2009. Introduction to Spanish Private Law Facing the Social and Economic          Cha llenges. UT Austin Studies in Foreign and Transnational La. London Routledge.Beck, D. (2009). HR can help ensure the success of family businessesFrom mom-and-pop      stores to Wal-Mart. Employment Relations Today (Wiley), 35(4), 31-38.Berman Brown, R., & Coverley, R. 1999. Succession Planning in Family tradinges A Study   from East Anglia, U.K. ledger Of Small Business Management, 37(1), 93-97.Berry, C. 2002. Blending family and business to make an appetizing combination. Business       Journal Serving Fresno & The Central San Joaquin Valley, (322951), 10.Ferrell, O. C., Fraedrich, J., & Ferrell, L. (2011). Business morality Ethical decision making and    cases. Mason, OH South-Western Cengage Learning.Kenyon-Rouvinez, D., Ward, J. L., & Palgrave Connect (Online service). 2005. Family business          bring up issues. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire Palgrave Macmillan.Miller, D, & Le Breton-Miller, I 2006, Family Governance and Firm Performance Agency,       Stewardship, and Capabilities, Family Business Review, 19, 1, pp. 73-87,Orton-Jones, C. 2013. FAMILY MATTERS. Financial Management (14719185), 42(5), 38-40.Poza, E. J., & Daugherty, M. S. 2012. Family business. Mason, Ohio South-Western Cengage Learning.Smith, M. 2006. An Empirical Comparison Of The Managerial victimization Of Family And     Non-Family Smes From Australias Manufacturing Sector. Journal Of Enterprising      Culture, 14(2), 125-141.Walsh, T 2004, Family businesses force you to think with your bosom as well as your head,        Business Journal (Central overbold York), 18, 17, p. 19,

Safeguarding: Abuse and Child

Chloe Smith CYP Core 3. 3 Understand how to apology the well creation of fryren and offspring people. 1. 1 Out stage business current decrees, guide sop ups, policies and procedures at heart UK Home Nation affecting the luck-freeguarding of littlesterren and early people. In England the current chief(prenominal) legislations and guidelines atomic number 18 sm either fryrens motivate 1989 Childrens Act 2004 United Nations traffic pattern on the Rights of the Child Statutory modeling for the Early Years mental institution Stage 2008 tax shelter of Children Act 1999 Working together to safeguard Children 2010Police Act 1997 Childrens Act 1989 This act was brought in to simplify existing laws defend nipperren and young people in the uk. This law sires pip-squeakren and young people reverence repairs and arrests certainly their feelings ar paramount. It in like manner do sure that the local political science acquit a duty to provide a service for minorren in conduct and their families. Childrens Act 2004 The sisterren act 2004 was brought into place by victor Laming prosecuteing the death of capital of Seychelles Climbie. The kidrens act 2004 amends the youngsterrens act 1989.It brand names sure that local services much(prenominal) as the police, companion fit services, education services, the nhs and oppo lay agencies whole work together to encourage compromising squirtren. United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child This legislation means that all pincerren learn the right to be heard and play their own choices. It likewise states that they accommodate the basic right to learn and develop into adults with discover harm. Statutory Framework for the Early Years Foundation Stage 2008 EYFS is fol funkyed by background consecrateals to safeguard pincerren and escort the adults that be in contact the kidskinren argon safe and cap qualified.Under the Child Protection Act all workers must(prenominal)(p renominal) be CRB checked and all settings must postulate policies and procedures they follow. Protection of Children Act 1999 This legislations to project there is a placement in place that intimidates a list of individuals identified as absurd for working with youngsterren and young people are non offe reddish employment by settings. Safeguarding Childrens Policy This has a indemnity that states how we work with minorren, levys and the community to image the safety of baby birdren.To promote the childrens rights we hold in to kick downstairs the child a safe environment that encourages the child to develop skills they get out demand to work for their adult life. Working with elevates to build their gaining of their expectations to alongface the setting champion the child. In my setting I would liaise with LSCB, Ofsted and NSPCC. 1. 2 excuse Child Protection within the wider concept of safeguarding children and young people. As part of my consumption as a pra ctioner I drive a duty of finagle to safeguard the children this means Protecting children from maltreatmentPr horizontalting impairment of childrens health or development Ensuring that children feel safe and secure Providing support that helps children to develop their sufficient blottoial. Child defense is a part of safeguarding and promoting well- cosmos. Effective child protection is essential as part of a wider work to promote welfare and safeguard children. 1. 3 Analyse how national and local guidelines, policies and procedures for safeguarding affect daylight to day work with children and young people. As a practioner I realise to see that I donjon all children and young people safe in my setting. I will depute this in my observation. 1. rationalise when and wherefore inquiries and sound theatrical federal agency reviews are required and how the sharing of scratchings informs serve. Serious look reviews have to be carried out when a child dies ( incuding venture egotism-annihilation ) or there has To be a reported case of serious harm to a child . Serious harm to a child includes give way and deprave. If this happens an inquiry has to be carried out to moot if the system failed and if so how it could have been prevented. both cases have to be interpreted and reviewed by new(prenominal) agencies such(prenominal) as the police, education welfare or hospitals. If as a practioner or other agencies we do not follow the legislations or our olicies and procedures we are not only failing to do our job only we are putting the children at great(p) try. This is when children could result in being at risk of blackguard or even death. In the case of Victoria Climbie agencies did not follow the policies and procedures correctly and did not do their duty of apprehension and keep her safe. in that location was a lack of communication between the agencies this woefully resulted in capital of Seychelless death. Communication is vita l because without communication no one apprize fully understand the childs case and keep them safe from more potent ional risk or in this case death.When a serious case is reviewed NSPCC and other agencies have to come up with other suggestions to batten that what happened to victoria does not happen to other children. 1. 5 explain how the processes used by own work setting or service comply with legislation that covers data protection, information handling and sharing. At my work setting all information about the child has to be kept safe. All files have to be locked away , all information on the computer has to be locked with passwords. The school only collects the obligatory information , the Childs name, dob, address, parent/ carer , allergies .The school forever and a day has to be communicate of all variety shows to the childs details. If the child moves schools all information has to be deleted. As well as making it part of our job role to keep all this information s afe and demonstrable(p)ial it is as well as the safeguarding officers role. 2. 1 Explain the importance of safeguarding children and young people . At my work setting it is my job role to safeguard the children. I have to give the children oppose chances and rights to be safe. Also to progress in their skill and development and to give them the best start in life and to teach them the skills they are expiry to bring into their adult life.Children need to similarly be safeguarded from possible neglect or ill-usage of any kind. If I pretended a child was being abused borrow for instance if I noticed the childs change in behaviour if they become very angry, violent , scared , withdraw and also appear with bruises continusly with no explanation I would suspect from the signs that the child was being sensiblely abused. In order to safeguard the child I would have to follow the policies and procedures to either stop or prevent the child coming to any harm. 2. 2 Explain the importance of a child or young person centred approach.It is central in my setting to give the child or young person a centred approach because I have to have an understanding of every individual child and understand that they all have opposite needs. Children all learn at different paces it butt all depend on their age, background and many other things. I have to use different ways of supporting the child as some children will put on from different learning techniques to others and to work out my job role I have to deem this into consideration when provision for the child although children are all at different levels all child needs to be treated fairly and be given come to opportunities.This is why it is important to build a trusting family with the child so I have a good relationship with the child and also the parent so we can both bring out the best in the child because we have a ordained relationship with the child which will result in positive outcomes. 2. 3 Expla in what is meant by partnership working in the mount of safeguarding. In context to safeguarding it is vital that we work in partnership. This could be with other members of lag to ensure that the environment for the child is a happy and safe one and any information on the child that needs to be shared can be.This is also the case with the parents if we have any concerns about the child or any queries we should have enough of a relationship with the parent and see if they agree or together we can come up with suggestions that would benefit the child. I need to be in partnership with external agencies in case there is a situation with the child that I need further advice or support with. Having a partnership with the staff . Parents and outside agencies will not only be following legislations but also be safeguarding the child correctly. 2. Describe the roles and responsibilities of the different organisations that may be mingled when a child or young person has been abused or h armed. Social services To provide support for vulnerable children and also their families. If necessary the child may have to be taken into care if the parent/ carers are not able to support the child . It is their job to find another suitable home for the child. Psychology service provides support such as therapy to children or young people who have experienced abuse or neglect. 3. 1 Explain why it important to ensure children and young people are protected from harm within the work setting.It is important that I take my responsibility for the childrens safety very important. We are trusted by the parents to keep the children safe. By following my policies and procedures I ensure that I am safeguarding the child. I must begin sure that I provide a safe and happy environment for the children to develop. I need to give the children an opportunity to learn and achieve. 3. 2 Explain policies and procedures that are in place to protect children and young people and adults who work with them. In every setting there has to be a policy and procedures folder.It is important for the policy and procedures to be available for all who enters the setting to see. The parents need to be able to know how we run the setting and deal with situations. The parent needs to be able to understand and trust the work we do in the setting. To keep the children safe we have to do daily risk assessments. We have to take away sure that there are the right ratio of workers to children. We have to make sure that everyone knows their own role. Every person that enters the setting needs to sign a visitors book and anyone working with the children needs to be CRB checked.Policies and procedures have to follow guidelines and legislations. 3. 3 Evaluate ways in which concerns about poor practice can be reported whilst ensuring that whistleblowers and those who practice or behaviour is being questioned are protected. If an employee has a concern they can either talk to their line manager v erbally or written. They need express valid points to why there whistle blowing. If they flip talk to the line manager because it involves them wherefore they can contact the senior management team or hr manager.All matters have to be dealt with alongside The standards board for Englands whistle blowing policy and procedure. The head of legal will decide whether it is a concern and the employee will be informed. If you do need to express your side of the story it must be honest and f actual you are not allowed to assume and have to remain professional about the matter. All personal data has to be kept confidential under the Personal Data Protection Act. All enquiries has to give the accused a fair chance to tell their side of the story before a decision is made.Once a decision is made both parties can protest if either feel it has not been dealt with correctly. 3. 4 Explain how practioners can take steps to protect themselves within their public practice in the work setting and on off site visits . in that location should always be two members of staff when a child is getting undressed, needs assistance in the toilet, Avoid being altogether with a child in the classroom or any areas of the setting. If being alone with the child cant be avoided keep a access open and stay where you can always be seen. If a parent or carer is ever late to collect the child make sure that tow members of staff stay behind.Only in very few situations does a child need to be closely touched if the child is wound or needs to be changed. Schools should have guidelines to protect their staff and the children. assay assessments should always be daily carried out to decrease the risk to the child. There should also be risk assessment t on outings should be carried there should be an outings policy. Under the health and safety act at work means that we have to do risk assessments to reduce the risk and to keep the children safe. 4. 1 Describe the possible signs, symptoms , indi cators and behaviours that may cause concern in the context of safeguarding.As part of my job role to safeguard children and young people I need to be able to spot a child at risk of abuse. There are different types of abuse. whizz type of abuse is physical abuse signs can include un explained bruising, red marks , pinch marks , swelling , burns or deficient hair . The childs behavour may be scared, withdrawn or they could even be angry and violent themselves. Emotinal abuse may leave the child to be withdrawn , low self esteem, lack of authorisation , they might have speech problems and find it difficult to make friends or be very clingy.The child may be very over apoligetic when they have do something malign. Sexual abuse may result in the child having a sexually transmitted disease, cuts,abnormal swelling, discomfort , pain passing urine bloodstains on clothes or underwear . Behaviour may show the child to act in a sexual and inapproiate way , drawing pictures and panic of adults for no clear reason. Signs of neglect may leave the child to have lack of food, they may be obese because of a lack of well food, the child may arrive in dirty clothing, dirty scramble , infection , they may be ill a lot with no medical attention.The child may be nervous attention quest or clingy. 4. 2 Describe the actions to take if a child or young person alleges harm or abuse in line with policies and procedures of own setting. If a child alleges harm or abuse and consequently I need to comfort the child and ensure them that there not in any trouble but warn them that I cant keep secrets. I will listen to the child carefully but I will not speak I dont want to influence the child. Whatever the child tells me I will record and only share with my line manager or supervisor. All the records I keep must be locked away as it is confidential. . 3 Explain the rights that children and young people and their carers have in situation were harm or abuse is suspected or alleged . If a child makes an allegation then I need to protect the child and also inform the child on the action that needs to be taken. The child has the right to be safe but also not to be questioned. Children have the right to make their own descison. 5. 1 Explain the different types of intimidate and the launch that bullying can have on children or young people. There are many types of bullying it can be verbal , physical , emotional and cyber bullying.Pysical can be kicking, punching ,hitting, pulling hair . Verbal abuse can be when you threaten, name call and insult someone. Emotional abuse can happen when the person says something to make the person feel low about themselves causing them to be upset. Cyber bullying is done over the mesh over social networking sites , e mails , text messages. Bullying can humble the child or young person which makes them lack confidence and have low self esteem they may not want to take part in activities causing them to miss out on their learni ng and development.Being made to feel bad about yourself can lead to self harm or suicide. Anyone can be a victim of bullying so to fulfil my job role I have to ensure that I look out for the signs of bullying. 5. 3 Explain how to support a child or young person and / or their family when bullying is suspected or alleged . In my work setting If I suspect bullying or the child has alleged bullying I have to support the child and ensure them that they are not in the wrong as the child may worry about having told someone.I have to make the child certified that I cannot keep secrets I will also have to inform the child on what steps im going to take and update them when any progress is made. I would have to record what the child says to me and pass it on to my line manager I would have to keep it confidential and the records locked away. I would have to contact the childrens parents but I would have to be very understanding that the parent may be angry thats why I would not be able to tell the parents the bullies names or any other details as I still have the responsibility to safeguard all children .I could produce the families outside agencies help such as counselling to help the child build self esteem. 6. 1 Explain how to support children and young peoples self confidence and self esteem . It is important to always build a Childs confidence as it will help their learning and development. By mean the Childs activities to their suitable needs the child will feel able and receptive to do their activities. Giving the child jobs to help you may make the child feel good and helpful .My facial expressions could also help the child by smiling and giving the child eye contact and grievous down to their level will make them feel equal. Actions like mellow five or thumbs up show that I am positive about the child. Using positive words would make a macroscopic difference to such as well done thats great work Im proud of you Keep it up Stickers and badges are a go od way also because the child can show off their good work or behaviour to peers, other members of staff and their parents . Reward charts are also a good way of monitor the Childs progress or strength. . 2 Analyse the importance of supporting resiliency in children and young people. In my setting it is important to support resiliency because it builds on the childs confidence. They will be more likely to be confident and be less likely to be a victim of bullying. 6. 3 Explain why it is important to work with the child or young person to ensure they have stratigies to protect themselves and make decisions about safety. In my setting it is important that the child makes their own decisions and can also protect themselves and keep them safe from potential harm.They need to have the understanding and confidence to say no and if anything did happen to them they would understand that it is wrong and know to tell an adult. The child needs to understand appropriate behaviour towards me mbers of staff and other peers. Kissing and hugging and sitting on peoples laps doesnt need to happen. In my setting when your happy with one of your friends or you like them they put their thumbs up to each other this is a way of showing praise and friendship without having contact. 6. Explain ways of empowering children and young people to make positive and informed choices that support their well being and safety. By giving children choices it will make them more confident as part of my job I will give them guidance in their choices. If I maintain a positive attitude and make positive decisions in front of the children they will be more inclined to also make the right decision. 7. 1 Explain the risks and possible consequences for children and young people of being online and of using a supple promise. Being online can put children in many danger.Children can be very trusting and vulnerable it is easy to talk to strangers and believe they could be someone else. They can be bef riended by people they dont know. This could put them in danger. They can go on social networking sites such as face book and skype and share photos or videos or even enclose personal and private details. They can also be a victim of cyber bullying. Using a mobile rally can make it easier to contact young children allowing them to be contacted by people without their parents knowing or agreeing to they can also be targeted to being robbed if being are aware they own a phone. . 2 Describe ways of reducing the risk to children and young people. When on the internet you can reduce the risk by only having friends you know to talk to and also not sharing actual pictures or videos with people or any personal information. When having a phone only take numbers off people you know and also giving out your numbers to people you know not having your phone out in public and if you have any numbers that you do not recognise dont answer it and tell an adult.