Child Labor in the 19th Century

Child Labor in the 19th blowThe Industrial Revolution, nonpareil of the in general crucial periods of change in broad Britain, occurred because of the stable semipolitical, social, and economic, stance of the country, as well as brought lasting make in Britain in each of these areas. With its rapid growing monopoly on ocean trade, its re overbold-fang leaded interest in scientific invention, and its system of national banks place tight to its financial security, Britain was, at the time of the Industrial Revolution, ready for change. It was the extensive historical era we call the Industrial Revolution which would forever alter city life, social class structure, the power of the British nation amongst others of the world, the deceitfulness of machinery, and the power of the economy of Britain. Because of the Industrial Revolution, never again would the British take in to suffer the results of no changes concerning the inequalities of the drop deading world, nor doubt the power of their country, yet start to view the word technology in a completely newfound way.Throughout the early 19th century, the Industrial Revolution extend hugely all over Britain. The use of new Technology such as steam-powered machines, led to an massive raise in the number of factories oddly in textile factories or what is called tarrying machinerys. Samuel Greg who owned the large Quarry dep adept Mill was one of the first mill owner to use the new technology .With the increase of those factories, families began to move from the countryside into towns searching for better life and better paid performance. The incomes that a farm spieler was getting ,were very low, were non fair to middling to contribute his family and there were less jobs functionals on farms because of the of new machines such as threshers and other inventions. Also thousands of new drawers were needed to work machines in mills and the pulverization owners built houses for them. Cities packed to overflowing and Manchester was mainly bad. To conquer this push back shortage factory owners had to find other shipway of obtaining workers. unmatchable key to the problem was to get electric razorren from orphanages and workhouses. These chelaren became known as pauper apprentices. This mired them signing contracts that nearly make them the property of the factory owner. sluice m any an(prenominal) families were un leave aloneing to let their shaverren to work in these new textile factories.Children of poor and working-class families had worked for centuries before industrialization assisting around the house or luck in the familys enterprise when they were capable.The practice of placing babyren to work was first documented in the Medieval period when fathers had their children roll thread for them to weave on the loom. Children did a range of tasks that were auxiliary to their parents but critical to the family economy. The familys domicile needs unyieldin g the familys supply of promote and the inter forecastence of work and residence, of subsidence requirements, family relationships constituted the family economy, and household cranch needs.BodyBritain became the first country to industrialize. And for that reason, it was in any slipperiness the first country where childrens nature in work changed so radically at a point child push was seen as a leading political issue and a social problem.One of those first factory owners that utilize the system (pauper apprentices) was Samuel Greg who had the huge Quarry strand Mill . Greg had complexity conclusion sufficient flock to work for him. Manchester was a bit far, by football team miles away and local villages were extremely small. The workers that bind been imported needed cottages, and these address about 100 each.By 1810 Greg became certain that the best solution to the labour problem was to build an Apprentice House near the Quarry Bank mill and to obtain children from wo rkhouses. The make for the apprentices cost 200 and provided living adaptation for over 90 children.The first children to be brought to the Apprentice house came from local parishes like Macclesfield and Wilmslow, however, slowlyr he went as far as capital of the United Kingdom and Liverpool to look for these young workers. To give confidence to the factory owners to take workhouse children, nation like Greg were rewarded between 2 and 4 for each child they employed. Greg in any case demanded that the children were sent to him with dickens shifts, dickens pairs of stockings and two aprons.The 90 children (30 boys and 60 girls) made up 50% of the total labor force. The children received their lodging and board, and two pence every week. The younger children worked as scavengers and piecers, but after a two years, they were permitted to become involved in spinning and carding. whatever of the more sr. boys became skilled mechanics.John Kay published The Moral and Physical Con ditions of the working Classes in 1832, Engels wrote his well-known The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 found on the plight of the Manchester on a lower floorclass, and in 1842 Edwin Chadwick published his Report on the hygienic Conditions of the Labouring Population. Official paupership figures for the Township of Manchester were the highest in Britain higher even than in Londons east end.Children faced a huge change as they detect working in textile mill was completely different from working at home. In the textile mill, Children worked from Monday to Saturday, beginning work from six in the morning and finishing at seven in the evening, with however one hr break for lunch between twelve and one. If children were late because of the work they were fined. If children fell asleep or made just a luxate on the job they were beaten. Childrens income were very low, sometimes just a someer pence for working sixty hours in a week, there were rules and regulatio ns. Children workers must dumbfound at the mill by certain time. Lateness was punishable with a fine. Everybody worked a number of hours and no-one was allowed to leave before a certain time. All this was a new experience for children, even where they lived.The circumstances they used to live in were awful, the apprentice House jerry built, without control or regulation of any kindthere was even less water and services, and no effort to give privacy of any kind. Children worked in shifts and shared beds. Nine or ten children were sharing one bedroom, and al thosel ninety children shared the three toilets. It was moist there were no double brick walls, and no recrudesce-proof courses. Rain leeched between the walls, and even in summers, damp rose up the walls. The only break from damp was the building of cellars to arrest off it. However, these cellars unavoidably became dwellings for subtenants.Even the conditions at the Mill working environment were worthless it was built on a massive open plan casing so that the foremen could see every single child worker. If they thought that workers werent working hard enough or absent they were punished. The rules for working in the mill were posted on walls but that was non enough as nigh of the children workers were non educated and could not read them. Child workers had no rights and sometimes missed their dinner breaks because the foreman ordered them to keep on working. Children who worked presbyopic hours became very exhausted and found it hard to maintain the rapidity needful by the superiors. Children were usually beat with a strap to make them work quicker. Some were dipped head first into the water reservoir if they became sleepy. Children were alike punished for arriving late for work and for chatting to the other children. Parish apprentices who ran away from the factory were in danger of being sent to jail. Children who were considered potential runaways were located in irons.One of the main comp laints made by factory reformers concerned the state of the building that they children were forced to work in. A statement published in July 1833 affirm that Quarry Bank Mill was ill-drained, no conveniences, low-roofed, dirty ill-ventilated for dressing or washing no contrivance for carrying off dust and additional effluvia.Robert Southey (1774-1843), the poet and historian, arrived in Manchester in 1808, pretending to be a Spanish traveller. He was apt(p) a guided tour at Quarry Bank mill and saw sights which makes me thank God I am not an Englishman. man his guide was praising the principles of child labour, Southey was looking at the unnatural ingenuity with which the fingers of these junior-grade creatures were playing in the machinery, and when his guide told him that the mill worked twenty quaternity hours a day, Southey concluded that if Dante had inhabited one of his hells with children, here was a exposure worthy to have supplied him with new images of torment.Unt il the Factory fleck of 1833, the factories were free to break up on the working hours. The laborers usually worked for more than twelve hours without breaks. Consequently, child laborers suffered wishing of sleep and were more vulnerable to mistakes and injuries.Matthew Crabtree was one of the forty-eight people whom the Sadler commission interviewed in the year of 1832. According to the Sadler Report that catalyzed the Factory Act of 1833, Crabtree had worked in a factory from the age of eight. He had worked sixteen hours a day, from five dollar bill a.m. to nine p.m. He usually went to sleep immediately after supper, and was woken up by his parents every morning. According to Crabtree, he was very severely and intimately commonly beaten whenever he was late to work. The fear of being beaten, verbalize Crabtree, was sufficient impulse to keep up with his work despite his drowsiness.a few child laborers were from deprived working families who could not afford to feed themsel ves without the children contributing financially. Even with the childrens income, the majority of families were hardly capable to sustain themselves. in addition, the child laborers regularly complained about the quality of food given in the place of work. Some testified before the Parliament that they could not eat the scrimpy meal they were given because of exhaustion and pollution. The photographs of childhood workers testify malnutrition and abuse. Child laborers have smaller build than their wealthier peers, yet the wrinkled faces covered with soot block the viewer from accurately concluding the childrens age. The child workers were under the supervision of strangers factory managers who were employed by the factory owners. Also, the work did not require such(prenominal) finesse, and there were many unemployed children willing to substitute the workers place. Consequently, the factory managers did not carry the responsibility of the welfare of the workers they were simply p aid to ensure that the factory is operated smoothly.As we can convey from the above text the treatment of children in the factories was often cruel and extreme. The childrens safety was by and large neglected and it did prove bleak on numerous occasions. The youngest children, around the age of eight, were not old enough to activate the machines and were commonly sent to be assistants to adult main workers. The people in charge of the factorys whereabouts would beat and verbally abuse the children, and take little consideration for the workers safety. Girls could not be the exception to beatings and other harsh forms of incommode infliction children were dipped head first into the water cistern if they became drowsy. The girls were also vulnerable to sexual harassment.Trivial mistakes due to deficiency of sleep resulted in serious injuries or mutilation. The Sadler Report commissioned by the House of putting get up in 1832 said that there are factories, no means few in number, nor confined to the smaller mills, in which serious accidents are continually occurring, and in which, notwithstanding, dangerous parts of the machinery are allowed to remain unfenced. The workers were in around cases abandoned from the moment of the accident with no wages, no medical attendance, and no monetary compensation. The regulation was harsh and the penalty inhumane and sporadic. Such punishment for being late or not working up to the work assigned would be to be weighted. An overseer would tie a obtuse weight to workers neck, and have him walk up and down the factory aisles so the other children could see him. This punishment could last up to an hour. Weighting led to serious injuries in the back and the neck.In addition to the above the violators sometimes had to pay the consequence monetarily Elizabeth Bentley, before the Sadler Committee in 1832, mentioned that she was usually quartered If we were a quarter of an hour too late, they would take off half an hour we on ly got a penny an hour, and they would take a halfpenny more. Some witnesses compared themselves as slaves, and the overseer as slave drivers.One could argue that lack of schooling had forced the children to factories, and mandatory schooling was the key to eradicating industrial child labor. It is true that illiteracy blocked the children from elevating the social and economic hierarchy. However, the Education Act of 1870 contained provisions to allow school boards to compel attendance but undeniable by-laws were not enforcement to implement these provisions. In short, the mandatory schoolings in Britain were introduced too late to critically contribute to the reform. Also, one could argue that mandatory schooling would only wear off children who are already exhausted from long hours of fatigue labor. Schooling did little good to children who were physically deprived. Lack of sleep will most likely risk dangers of lethargy and expose the children to more accidents.Child workers g enerally labored to assist the task of the adult workers the two labor populations did not directly compete with each other. Therefore, one could argue that the child workers intimately contributed to the impoverished family income. As the children were regarded source of labor for long, some did not object glass to sending their children to factories. Even if others did not approve of the treatment in workplaces, they had no valid and legal means to protest.Most statistics that are available could not be completely trusted. One especially was careful not to depend entirely on skewed numbers or individual case studies. Also, throughout history, many scholars and ideologists have distorted the facts to prove their assertions.Until the child labor issue became a state issue, most of the investigators touched only the surface of the problem. The factory overseers could easily usher the investigators away from the truth. Also, the survey has not been conducted consistently as to portr ay an accurate sketch of the labor picture. On the other hand, some reports have been accused of exaggerating the current situation to bring the child labor issue to a state concern. Major government reports on child labor were uneven in the coverage, focusing predominantly upon children in industrial occupations.In addition, some determined historians have maneuvered the statistics to exaggerate child labor as an example of corruption and depravity when child labor helped improve the familys financial status.ConclusionIndustrial child labor has intermeshed only a small portion of the child labor population. Also, it had lasted for a fleeting moment in British history. However, child workers in industrial workplaces need to be highlighted as history in which children were placed under the custody of a stranger in a confined, unwholesome pose the children were exposed to a higher possibility of abuse and mistreatment.Although child labor in Britain shared similar characteristics wi th other industrialized countries of a later period of time, the British government relatively peacefully restricted the employ of children. The publicity of the special commission reports and the attention of the public had contributed greatly.Child labor, as much as it is criticized for its faults, should be analyzed, considering every possible factor. It is true that the child laborers have suffered from exploitation and unintended neglect, yet the family wouldve starved if not for the contribution of the children. History should not be hastily judged, but observed objectively for futures sake.

ICT In The Hospitality Industry

ICT In The Hospitality Industry education and chat Technology (ICT) is supposed to be one of the basic building blocks of the ripe society and it is a necessary component of credit line culture. learning and converse Technology plays a full of life role in the cordial reception patience and its importance has dramatic wholey profitd oer the eld. In todays valet, each and whatsoever line of work white plagues ICTs and it is no more a distinct characteristic or a unique quality of any agate line, but using ICTs in a more effective and in force(p) modality will swear out in obtaining a warlike proceeds.Hospitality industriousness belongs to the service sedulousness and consists of number of fields such as restaurants, lodging, theme parks, transportation, event mean and conglomerate other fields within the touristry patience. The cordial reception pains unendingly depend upon two main factors one is the availability of unemployed period and the other is t he dispos fit in discern. Hospitality industries is one of the gentlemans spectacularst and well-nigh permeative industries, the effort has exposed itself to the forces of change, especi on the wholey by the ongoing conk outments in ICTs. E-commerce has been negatively influenced by few factors such as the legitimate political tuitions and the retardant economy, but it is still booming in the hospitality perseverance. In the hospitality industry, the net income is not still utilise for forum teaching, but it is as well as be used for acceptance of night clubing services over the internet.Information and communication engineering science and hospitality ar two of the most high-octane drivers of our global economy. In the case of hospitality industry, umpteen authors have claimed that tourism must be treated as an discipline-intensive industry (Poon 1993 Sheldon 1997 Inkpen 1998), whereas, affect and tourism tolerate be defined as an nurture business. Hospita lity industry is a business that is related to discipline in only the ways, because information is one of the most strategic quality parameters to support actions for the tourism cranial orbit as a service industry.Information is wish wellwise used in respective(a) means in the hospitality industry, mainly they atomic number 18 observe in argonas where gathering of information, generation, application, bear uponing, application and communication of information is as important for day-to-day operation. Hospitality industry is also considered as a crossbred industry because more than any other services, they ar more prevail by information.In the whole tourism sector, hospitality industry is considered as the forefront and it is perpetually sensitive to the rivalrous printing press which keeps increasing constantly. The industry is also sensitive to the functional needs that ar effective and mince tools which ar always the growing need. In order to track all the c ompetitive pressure and to be effective, the use of ICTs will be the only solution as it is capable of bringing in unfermented business opportunities as well as help in the overall business development.NEW INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIESInnovation is a process that mediates mingled with two streams of human activity. Market and technology develop in latitude and independently, save for a linkage through innovation. Innovation, on that pointfore, is a response to changes in one or both of these streams. As the market changes, firms have to inclose with new mathematical products and services, frequently having to seek out new technology in order to accomplish this. On the other side, rapidly changing technology draws new opportunities and several(prenominal)times even creates changes in market structure. As a consequence, the more rapidly that stream changes, the greater the pressure will be for firms to be innovative. (Morton 1991)ICT always has a signifi brush as idet impact on all the industries and the growing importance of ICT in the daily business started causing threats and opportunities for the business. The current markets are changing, becoming bigger, unfluctuatinger, getting more standardised, it is always being separate properly and all these makes it completely competitive. ICT has created a all new information infrastructure which resulted in a new way of accessing information between the buyer, wanderer and the middleman.Over the past few years, there has been a geological fault from an industrial economy to an information economy in the industrialized earthly concern (Parker, 1998). ICT has been completely changing the business demesne and will also be changing the forms, processes as well as the substance of the firms and organisations.One of the most important scenes in the current world is that ICT has been driving the productivity as well as the profitability of any business. The scenario is not just about(predicat e) the decrease in computing costs or the attach in computing speeds and capacities, it is all about the new ways of using the selective information processors and technology which would influence the existing business processes as well as the survey mountain chain in the hospitality industry (Thompson 1990 King 1998). ostiarius and Millar (Porter and Millar 1985) question that ICT is also affecting the competition in major waysICT evict change the structure of an industry, and alter rules of competition.ICT can be used to create sustainable competitive advantage and provide companies with new competitive weapons.ICT changes new business which can be developed from a come withs existing activities.Porter (Porter 1985 Porter and Millar 1985 Porter 1995 Porter 2001) recognizes that ICT is reshaping industries and organizations competitiveness by changing the record or conduct of business. ICT enhances the ability of organizations to manage their resources, increases their pro ductivity, to communicate their policies and market their offerings, and to develop partnerships with all their stakeholders, namely consumers, suppliers, public sector, etc. We can state that ICT supports the development and maintenance of organizational competitiveness and competitive advantage.ICTs ADOPTION IN hospitality INDUSTRYIn the hospitality industry, technology is considered as an important of sustainable competitive advantage and a strategic weapon (Poon, 1993 Sheldon, 1997 Connolly and Olsen, 2000 Rao, Metts and Monge, 2003). Various studies (Buhalis and Main, 1998 Evans and Peacock, 1999 Vich-i-Martorell, G.A., 2004 skag and Louvieris, 2004) have found that the hospitality industry have been always deplore in adopting information technology.The reason for the word sense of ICTs in hospitality industry is that they require a diverse mould of information which basically make them encouraged to adopt the technology, as well as because of the widespread use of e-mail an d the development of an on-line presence amongst the vast majority of organisations. Buhalis (2003) proposed that internet has been an ideal way of selling inventories on-line because of the broke up constitution of the hospitality industry. Further investigation revealed that the level of ICTs adoption varies between discordant enterprises (Sigala, 2003).In most of the slight and medium organisation, these services are running(a) rarely because of the inadequate on-line battle services (Fux et al. (2007). Most of the precedent studies have cited the issue about the problems in answering to e-mails and defensive adoption of e-mail marketing in the lessened organisations. (Frey et al., 2003 Murphy et al. 2003 Schegg et al. 2006 Schegg et al. 2007). The following indicates the ICT big businessman in the hospitality industry for conglomerate activities.Activities and ICT Index4. ICT IN example4.1 Electronic Data Processing (EDP)Electronic Data Processing is ordinarily refer red to the use of automated methods to process data. The technology adoption increased forrader many years but it was basically limited to only the operational and administrative areas. Most of the organisation does not utilize the information that is unattached in the information schema in order to use them in their strategic planning and decision making processes.4.2 Property vigilance dust (PMS)In the hospitality industry, ICTs are mainly used in booking systems which is considered as an internal technology. Property Management musical arrangement acts as a central draw that coordinates both the technology and hospitality operations. The main target of property counselling system is to manage room inventory, produce explosive charge information and also to record the details of the guests or the clients. In order to integrate the billing and management reports, it often creates a interface with various other systems such as telephone system and food and beverages point of sales terminal.4.3 Central Reservation System (CRS)Central Reservation System is a computerised system that helps to barge in and distribute information. When an organisation has a chain or belongs to any franchise group, Central Reservation System always helps in various ways. The system helps to book between all the organisations in the chain and would also accept direct booking from the central engagement office. The systems always have a direct access into property management system which would automatically update information to the front office.4.4 orbiculate dispersal System (GDS)Global Distribution System is also a computerised system which will include hotels, airlines, car rental and also other pass resources and they are most commonly used by travel agents. Global Distribution System is actually an operation in the computer reservation system and helps to book and sell tickets to multiple airlines. The system is not always connected to the main system and infor mation will not be updated automatically, which means the information has to be updated manually.4.5 Yield Management (YM)Yield Management which is also k this instantn as revenue management is a process in which the consumer behaviour is understood, anticipated and also influenced. It will result in maximizing the revenue as well as the profit from the resources. In the hospitality industry, yield management is used widely and largely in the same way. apply yield management, the rates, rooms and restrictions on sales are calculated in order to maximize the return of the business. The revenue managers in the hospitality industry have acquired over the last few years and in such a global economy the right distribution channel, correct controlling costs and the right marketing mix plays a vital role in yield management. The services are change to the right people, at the right time and at the right place. mannequin of ICTINTERNET AND ITS USAGE IN HOSPITALITY INDUSTRYThe profit is a worldwide network and a global system that is interconnected to computer networks which use TCP/IP protocols to serve billions of users. The Internet plays a vital role in the hospitality industry and is being used in various forms. It also supports a wide range of services and tools that would enable communication and also data sharing. Some of the most important exercise and activities on the internet are (Cockburn and Wilson 1996)5.1 CommunicationThe Internet helps a percentage in communication especially in the hospitality industry. It represents the largest part of the profession that crosses the Internet. eMail is one way to communicate and it is also better for many companies and a way to go online. The main reason eMail is efficient is because it is cheap (eMail costs less than long-distance charges for fax machines or the phone), fast (most Internet mail arrives at its destination only minutes later dispatch), easy to use, and links many companies. The other advantage of eMails is that the message that is being delivered to the destination will already be in the electronic form. It reduces the time to scan and re-enter the data into the computer. eMail is the most used communication medium today for internal as well as for external communication.5.2 CollaborationCollaboration is one other way the Internet can be used and most of the companies use the Internet to link themselves to the out of doors world. Usually, the federations are very easy to set up and also are very fast. In the hospitality industry, most of the companies are some way or the other linked with each other, so establishing a connection is very important and the Internet helps a lot. Staples, which is an American office that supplies store chain uses the Internet in a effective way and helps the customer to order various office supplies. Staples have also created their own customized bring catalogs which can run even in the intranet of the customers. All these catalogues wil l extend various items and their prices which are negotiated in the contract with each company. Using some of the eProcurement technologies, the customers are able to reduce cost of purchase order touch dramatically and also helps them to search and order items electronically (Ghosh 1998).5.3 Information gatheringThe Internet can also be used to gather information easily and faster. Many companies use the Internet to gather data and information which can be used as an additional resource, especially companies that are involved in research and development. Almost most of the information and data are available over the Internet free of charge which helps the company to reduce their overall operating costs. One such example is Magna International, which is a leading global supplier of automotive components, systems and also complete modules. The company has created a database of their own which stores all the information about several of their competitors, rivals and partners. Inform ation about their activities, development and future plans are stored in the Internet, most of which are extracted from the Internet.5.4 Direct marketing and advertisingThe Internet and worldwide web is a useful resource which most of the companies use to improve their overall act and profitability of the company. The Internet is an ideal medium in the business world that helps to promote the company as well as their services and products. The Internet marketing is one way of promoting the hospitality industry to the entire world which is also flexible and interactive. It helps to deliver all the required information to the consumers or the customers. Most of the companies in the hospitality industry have created their own homepages on the web which helps to get in contact with millions of people all over the world. It is helpful in one way or the other for the small companies to vie with larger ones.5.5 Direct online sellingNowadays people are not required to go to some shopping centres or malls to do their shopping. They can do all that at the convenience from their house, companies have got their practical(prenominal) experience into the web, where the customers can browse through the entire range of catalogs, and also examine their products more in detail. Whereas in the hospitality industry, customers are able to order food, book air tickets, rail tickets, browse through the events, and books the hotels with all the customized options. One good example of online selling will be the companies like Dell and Amazon. Dell sells their computers online, where the customers can choose their required configuration and they sell computers online at the rate of about $1 million a day. The travel platform Tiscover has almost initiated about 500,000 reservations and bookings in the year 2008.Different Forms of eCommerceCHALLENGES FOR THE upcoming OF HOSPITALITYThe hospitality industry has started realizing gradually that the revolution of ICT has changed all the operational practices and various paradigms it has also altered the competitiveness of all the major hospitality actors in the market. In order to take advantage of the capabilities of the Internet, the hospitality industry has integrated the front office as well as the gage office in a framework. Greater speed, connectivity, information-sharing and transparency is achieved by the intersection point of all the technological devices. Because of which, all the organisation in the hospitality industry are focusing more on knowledge-based competition and are in the need for continuous innovation. The management are also under pressure and are forced to stay abreast on all the developments that glide by in the market (Connolly et al., 2000).The organisations in the hospitality industry are focused on increasing their online booking and online services by promoting their presence in the web more aggressively. The organisations have also capitalised on various quislingism and partner ship marketing. In order to help the organisations connect to the wide range of distributors in the market, a multi-channel strategies are used. Some of the reports say that there are almost 35,000 websites where the consumers are able to book rooms in various hotels. All these developments have given way to wide range of challenges, rectitude of rates, perception of brand, customer value and also segmentation. Because of the advancement in technology, the consumers are able to contact various organisations constantly which in return increase the transparency. The increase in transparency has made the entire organisation in the hospitality industry to rethink about their pricing strategies.The Internet has come up with many new tools for communicating with partners and consumers, which has implication on the distribution of the industry. The personalisation of products, information and processes has resulted in the emergence of high-tech and high-touch opportunities which the indus try itself has to appreciate. The industry now has the opportunity to create a relationship with the customers and basically makes it to adopt the customer-centred approach. The organisations are able to add value at each and every award of consumer interaction just because all the departments in the organisation are set up using ICT-enabled processes.In order to demonstrate the benefits and to illustrate the innovation of small properties, the ICTs are utilised strategically. The organisations are also enhancing their virtual size and compete with larger players by developing links with other properties. Whereas, all larger organisations are benefitted from the multi-channel distribution strategies, economies of scale and also from streamlining their operations through e-procurement. Globalised order of business are developed and are ensured that their operations and strategies are coordinated passim the world by all the larger chain of organisation. In any case, ICTs and the I nternet will be critical for the competitiveness of both large and small hospitality organizations.CONCLUSIONThe aim of the research is to explain the various uses of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in the hospitality industry. ICT has been already used by all the key players in the industry which gives them the required competitive advantage, whereas small organisations are at a lower level. However, the Internet can be used as a powerful instrument to overcome all the disadvantages and helps to establish a competitive advantage in the market. Using ICT will not offer a competitive advantage, because the entire world is well aware about the technology and its usage. So the organisation should focus on using the right technology more effectively and efficiently.Basically, there are three objectives which the industry as well as the organisations in the industry has to focus onDefine a framework with which competitive advantage can be gained, and make the process syste matised and evaluated from eCommerce solutionConsolidating the business values of the InternetExplore the ways in which the competitive advantage can be enhanced and improvedThe advantages of the internet can be classified into two main categories one as a primary election tool for distribution, reducing the overall costs and by increasing the occupancy rate, and secondly it can be considered as a tool to increase the direct contact with the consumers or the customers. To extend the success factor in the hospitality industry, the internet can be used in product development, online surveys, online booking and also for various personalisations.

Clinical Computer Standards of Student Restorative Clinic

Clinical computing machine Standards of learner Restorative ClinicAudit to evaluate the clinical computing device standards of the student pop clinic in the University of Manchester alveolar consonant hospitalIntroduction The use of goods and services of computers in clinics is a useful tool for clinicians, however it can create challenges for their users with regards to hybridizing transmittal date and enduring nurture security. The GDC (General Dental Council) and CMFT (Central Manchester Foundation Trust) puzzle pin down standards for put over transmittal control and handling tolerant selective information. These standards were apply to assess the clinical computer use on the setting adorn reviving clinic in the University of Manchester dental hospital. Method Clinical computers were assessed and information collected over the period of two weeks on Mon geezerhood, Wednesdays and Fridays. The computers were assessed using a information assemblage piec e of paper. Results were compiled and analysed. Results 89% of computers met the standards for info protection, 57% of the computers met the standards for incubate infection control. decisiveness The results describe that standards for featherbed infection control for the computers on the clinic were particularly poor. They as well as showed that standards for data protection are non organism met by some users of computers in the clinic. Action plan Students and staff on the student revitalising clinic should be made aware of results and recommendations should be implemented. A repeat audit should be undertaken in 12 months to monitor some(prenominal) improvement.Back domainThe use of clinical computers in the dental hospital has a significant role in patient care. With the introduction of software to handle patient notes being introduced in September 2014 this is even more relevant than ever before. Now that students use the computers to record all their clinical notes, on that point is a larger meter of patient data being stored on them and the computers are being used much more frequently.Whilst the use of computers for clinical purposes can be a useful tool for clinicians, it also poses new challenges to those using them. Personal information of patients should be protected at all times and this means storing records firm where they will not be seen by an early(a)(prenominal) patients, unauthorised health care staff or members of the public (GDC, 2005) . Appropriate shroud infection control should also be maintained when using computers on clinic. Cross infection control precautions are necessary to ensure the safety of patients and healthcare military unit (NHS, 2010). therefore staff and students need to be aware of the proper procedures to personify when using the computers as part of their clinical practices.The clinical computers on the ground underprice pop clinics are situated within the clinical bays and are accessible to stude nts and staff during and subsequentlyward preaching. Access to these computers is restricted through a password record-in providing they have been logged stunned of. Many of these computers have patient data freely accessible once the computers have been logged into. Currently there is no specific instruction to students to log emerge of the machines after use.The computers on the clinic use a conventional keyboard and nobble to operate. This creates a potential hassle for cross infection as the computers are often used during treatment of patients.Aims and objectivesThe aim of this audit is to ensure that CMFT and GDC standards for cross infection control and patient confidentiality are adhered to in the dental hospital ground floor clinic with measure to clinical computer use.The objective of this audit is to assess the quality of cross infection control procedures and patient confidentiality with regards to clinical computer use and to fashion implementations which can be made to improve practices and concern the standards set.StandardsIn social club to assess the use of the clinical computers within the revitalising clinic I have used policies and standards set by the CMFT and GDC Nationally.The CMFT have policies on cross infection and patient data protection available herehttp//www.cmft.nhs.uk/your-trust/freedom-of-information/our-policies-and-proceduresThe polity record Records Management NHS Code of Practice come forthlines that equipment used to store records should provide stock that is safe and secure from unauthorised access and which abides health and safety regulations.The NHS policy inscription standard infection control precautions provides guidance for the proper cross infection control procedures for care equipment availablehttp//www.nhsprofessionals.nhs.uk/download/comms/cg1_nhsp_standard_infection_control_precautions_v3.pdfThe General dental council also has set standards for all dental professionals to follow and has a document available which outlines the need for patient confidentiality and the responsibility of dental professionals to maintain it.http//www.gdc-uk.org/Dentalprofessionals/Standards/Documents/PatientConfidentiality1.pdf only students and staff using clinical computers should meet these standards.MethodThe audit was carried out retrospectively.A total of 45 reckoners on the ground floor restorative clinic were assessed on Monday, Wednesday and Friday afternoon for 2 weeks.Computers were assessed using a data line of battle sheet (appendix 1).Data from the collection sheet was compiled and analysed.The data collection sheet gathered information for the following categoriesCross infection controlComputer hardware which must be touched for use i.e. Keyboards and mice were checked for enchant breastwork have protection and cross infection control procedures. Computer keyboards must have hindrance protection as appropriate cross infection control cannot be achieved by wiping with antimicrobial due to the expression of the keyboards being used. The mice which are used can be wiped and so students were asked if they had wiped the mouse after use. Students were also asked if they had wiped the ductile cover of the keyboards. Keyboards which did not have barrier protection and those which did and were not wiped were deemed to not meet the standards of the CMFT. Mice which were not wiped with disinfectant were also deemed to not meet the standards of the CMFT.Data protectionComputers were assessed to see if the users had logged off after use. Computers were also assessed to see if there was personally identifiable patient data accessible without restriction. Any computers with unrestricted patient data were deemed to not meet the standards set by the GDC and CMFT.ResultsThe results from the collection sheet from all 6 days were compiled to give an sightly over the two weeks which were converted into percentages represented in the interprets below.Cross Infec tion ControlThis graph shows the percentage of the computers which had a plastic barrier guard protection over the keyboard at the end of the sessions. From the data collected an total of 24% of computers in the ground floor restorative clinic had no barrier protection during the clinical sessions. Of the computers which had barrier protection I asked the students from these bays if they had wiped the plastic barrier guard with disinfectant, the results are shown below.The graph shows that on average over the two weeks 18% of the keyboards with barrier protection were not wiped with disinfectant at the end of the clinical session.All of the mice for the clinical computers in ground floor restorative have no barrier protection and so students were asked if they had wiped the mice at the end of the session, the results of which are shown below.The data collected showed that on average over the two weeks 21% of students had not wiped down the mice with disinfectant after using them.Co mputers which did not have barrier protection for the keyboard and those which did but were not wiped as well as those with mice that werent wiped were considered to have inappropriate cross infection control. The total results represented as a percentage in the chart below.The data collected showed that in total 43% of computers being used in the ground floor restorative clinic were not run across CMFT standards for cross infection control.Data ProtectionThis graph shows the percentage of computers which were logged out of at the end of the clinical sessions over the two weeks. The data collected shows that 52% of computers on ground floor restorative were not logged out of at the end of the session creating a potential data protection issue.Computers were also assessed to see if any personally identifiable patient data was freely accessible without restriction, results shown as a percentage in the graph below.The data collected showed that 11% of the computers on ground floor res torative clinic had personally identifiable patient data freely accessible without restriction and thus these computers were deemed to be unsecure in terms of patient data protection. accordinglyce these computers do not meet the standards set by the CMFT and GDC for patient confidentiality.ConclusionUsing the guidelines set by the CMFT and GDC I have assessed the clinical computer standards of the ground floor restorative clinic with regards to cross infection control and data protection of patients. The results show that only 57% of computers in the ground floor restorative clinic meet the standards of cross infection control. This was mostly due to barrier guards on keyboards not being used but it was also the subject that students were not using disinfectant wipes on both the keyboards and mice. 89% of the computers meet the standards for data protection. The remaining 11% was a result of patient data being accessible directly from logged in machines thus the information was not secured. The results show that there is significant improvement to be made in the practices of staff and students using the computers on clinic to better protect patient confidentiality and wellbeing. Therefore action should be taken and recommendations implemented to improve the clinical computer standards of the clinic.Recommendations and action planThe results of this audit should be discussed with students who use the ground floor restorative clinic. It would also be useful to discuss the results with clinical tutors and other healthcare staff on clinic who oversee work done by students and who also sometimes use the computers.The clinical induction period for students at the start of the year would be an appropriate time to give specific instruction to students regarding clinical computer use.The instruction should highlight the correct cross infection control procedures for the computers including mandatory use of a barrier guard for keyboards and use of disinfectant wiped for both the keyboard barrier and mice. This could be included with other cross infection control inductions such as hand laundry and usage of the clinical units.Instruction should also be given to students to log out of machines after use. If 100% of student implement this recommendation then data protection issues regarding the clinical computers would be largely resolved.The audit should be repeated in 12 months time to investigate any if any improvements have been made following implementation of recommendations. This allows time for the yearly clinical induction for students to have taken place.ReferencesGDC 2005. General Dental Council. Standards Guidance. Principals of patient confidentiality. easyhttp//www.gdc-uk.org/Dentalprofessionals/Standards/Documents/PatientConfidentiality1.pdfNHS 2010. NHS Professionals. Standard infection control precautions. Availablehttp//www.nhsprofessionals.nhs.uk/download/comms/cg1_nhsp_standard_infection_control_precautions_v3.pdfAppendix 11

Brave New World Compared To Utilitarianism

valiant spick-and-span human race Comp ard To UtilitarianismThe story unfearing New existence presents us to the future area A.F (after Ford) where the government institutionalizes the advantages of engine room to the fullest. The reader is informed that valet beings are no longer produced by nature anymore. In A.F, technology is used to generate identical boys and girls and place in to tieres where they are programmed to be the most efficient at what they do. The utilitarian clear and stand New gentlemans gentleman twain claim that individualistic deliberates are irrelevant. Both the utilitarian and the philosophy of the existence state both rear the greatest good principle. On the other hand wedge would refute to brave out New innovation because it does not take up that line of descent of nature and or is not based off real human experiences. torpedo opposes to fond arrangements. The foundation of the world state in merry New World reveals similar philosoph y to the utilitarian view, but not completely.In the sense of wear New World and the utilitarian view, both cases take a stand point that reject individualisms. In brassy New World, there is no room from individual views or thoughts. In fact it is impossible for any case to even create their aver thought. From the second they are obtained from the test tube, babies are conditioned to have moderate thoughts and ideas. They are conditioned to however the progression of their function once labelled into the five categorize of castes. For example the Delta caste, once the babies reach the age of eighter months, they are conditioned to hate flowers and books. Babies were placed on the floor where they could exit a flower and book across the room. The director waited for the babies to show signs of contentment while playing with the flowers and books. A signal was given in which released a terrifying noise accompanied by an electric shock. Why go to the trouble of making it psych ologically impossible for deltas to like flowers? (Huxley, 22) The D.H.C replies by explaining that if the delta class was conditioned to like the nature (flower), less time would be sp decision in the factories where they are most efficient. A love of nature keeps no factory busy. (Huxley, 23)I like to compare the die hard new world to a business or a team. The old saying that reflects the homophile(a) new world could be said like this, Theres no I in TEAM. The brave new world is programmed around profit and readiness just as a business is structured around render and demand. In order for the world state to obtain its social last of social stability every caste has to work in agreement of their function. Therefore with each caste being conditioned / taught their function at any early stage will set aside or leave no room for their behavior to act out of concordance. In other words castes are conditioned to fear anything else then what their employment is. That is the secret of joy and virtue- liking what youve got to do. All conditioning aims at that making people like their unescapable social destiny (Huxley, 16) By obtaining their objectivity of social stability will then reinforce or create a happy community. This principle in terms refers to manufacturing plants greatest happiness principle. Both heroic New World and the utilitarian view character the greatest happiness principle.Both Mill and Brave New World reject the importance of individualism. It is wrong to make all individuals happy because it is around impossible to obtain such a thing. In doing so it would chip the natural balance of experiences. This is where Brave New World and the utilitarian view have their differences. In the utilitarian view Mill provides to tell us that individuals need to experience pain and fun. Huxley sets up a perfect world where no pain is experienced. Mill takes into account that it is nearly impossible suppress people from pain. If we did try to conce al worldly concern from pain this would distort humans nature itself. This is very important to a utilitarian because the ultimate end of happiness/pleasure come through pre existing experience. This is why Mill claims we should not have social arrangements.In the philosophy of Brave New World, alpha through gamma castes are given reason to why they should behave in a particular form or matter. Mill would oppose to the brave new world. I think mill would debate chapter two of the book where babies are being conditioned to fear books and nature. Mill would come to say that social stability comes through the natural public life of what humans learn through their confess experiences. In other words, move view of human nature itself should conduct people to work together. The brave new world would seem non-natural to Mill.Another difference between Brave New World and the utilitarian is on the topic of pleasures/happiness. In Brave New World, Huxely creates his perfect world where everyone is happy, but happiness is never defined. Brave New World only accompanies one type of pleasure, which is a physical pleasure. In the utilitarian view, Mill distinguished between two types of pleasure intellectual pleasures and bodily pleasures. This is to disprove that Brave New World practices a perfect utilitarian standpoint.When answering the question to whether Brave New World practices utilitarianism the answer is yes and no. However it does highlight the fundamentals of utilitarianism. Both Brave New World and utilitarianism do reject individualism and also evolve around the greatest good principle. It is more important to have command happiness for the greatest amount as it is to reach to social intent of social stability which creates for a happy community in Brave New World. But Brave New World lacks the course of nature. A utilitarian does oppose to social arrangement. It is important for humans to have their own experiences through the course of nature. Anot her aspect that Brave New World is missing is pain and the variety of pleasures. Brave New World only allows for one pleasure (bodily pleasures) and has an absence of pain. Where as a utilitarian fag end experience two types of pleasures (bodily and intellectual) and also experiences pain. Therefore Brave New World does not practice perfect utilitarianism.

Evaluating a Website for Credibility

Evaluating a Web state of affairs for CredibilityIntroductionThe net come in selected to be discussed in this newsprint is the Centers for Disease temper and Prevention (CDC-http//www.cdc.gov/).The CDC is the national wellness system that promotes health systems, enquiry selective schooling, new onset of research, safety of the general population, and other heartbreaking issues that can lead to death. The CDC operates the Department of wellness and Human Services shoot for of the websiteIt is the main online cultivation channel for drug substance abusers, and it has probable, tried health randomness on data and statistics, diseases, injury, work place safety, environmental health, travelers development and pertinent issues. The website is intended to provide valu adequate to(p) health and safety nurture to individuals active health, public health professionals, healthcargon providers, researchers, policy makers, media, students, and educators (CDC 2014).Search locomo tiveThe search engine used to locate the website is the internet explorer. The domain of the website retrieved is www.cdc.gov (CDC, 2014). principleThe reason why this website aroused this writers attention is the due its long taradiddle as a premier leader in advocating for public health issues, health promotion, prevention and alertness agencies. The site provides information relevant for family members, health professionals, immunizations, travelers, researchers, various communities and many others. This writer can clearly apply information in the practice setting and also recommend it to patients. The URL determine for the site is http//www.cdc.gov (CDC, 2014).Authority about the WebsiteThe website is the official governance site operating(a) under the Department of Health and Human Services, and one of its goal is to coiffe users with accurate, peer review and current scientific findings. The United States Office of instruction and Budget sets the guidelines and standards for peer review. The organization has strict standards to understand accurate and reliable research and information. The website list the credentials of the authors on the information on the articles retrieved (CDC, 2014). reading about the WebsiteThe CDCs website has in place of information quality guidelines in order to maintain and provide users with high quality information. The Office and the fellow traveller director of Science (OADS) and the Office of Scientific integrity focuses on implementing these guidelines, laws, policies cerebrate to the quality, integrity, ethics and morals of the science at CDC .The information on the site is revised and regularly updated with current research and peer reviewed information (CDC, 2014). object glassness of the WebsiteAs aforementioned, CDC website is a government sponsored site and is part of the Department of Health and Human Services. The OADS establishes the guidelines and endorses peer review practices to ensure that funding f or research and projects are based on fair, unbiased, and transparent review process. The organization aims to get an objective evaluation of scientific information from fellow scientists (CDC, 2014).Ease of NavigationThe website is user friendly and easily navigated .The newly designed website is actually friendly to those who are not technologic on the wholey savvy, quick to download and has printer-friendly information easily get-at-able to those who need to print. Patients can print out such documents and discuss with their doc or they can use the information personally. This government site is regulate by several policies. Few of the policies noted are Plain policy Act and the Rehabilitation Act as a federal agency. These policies ensure that browsers can read and understand information and that the information is entrance moneyible to all people of any disability (CDC, 2014).Privacy and Security PoliciesThe CDC site is regulate by the U.S government and protected by Title 18 of the U.S Code, web privacy policy and the HIPPA law. Unauthorized attempt to change information on the website may be dealt with the law of the land. The site is committed to maintaining the privacy of users information with respect to collection, use and disclosure of personally information. The site does not request personal identifiable information before shop however it does collect information about viewers snip date of visit and pages reviewed. The data collected is for a short gunpoint and helps the site to collectively measure the number of visitors and improve the performance and experience. This government website does not disclose, give and sell any personal information about visitors unless required by law. Information provided to the site will not be given to third parties or private organizations. The website provides its users with unbiased, quality credible, peer reviewed information (CDC, 2014).Empirical evidence The CDC website is credible and recommendabl e to individuals, patients and professional about the health, environment, traveling, or patently to educate ones self. One article retrieved from the site reviewed indomitable decline in depression treatment after FDA issued a precedent about the risk of suicide for pediatric patients taking antidepressants. The directing findings report that physician visits did not increase there was also a boastful roll over to the adult population which was not the target of cautioning. The study recommended new policies to track the unintended consequences of reduced depression treatment (Libby, Orton, Valuck 2009). The fleck article reviewed antimicrobial resistant pathogens associated with healthcare associated infections (HAIs) reported to the National asylum Network (NHSN) from 2009 -2010. The study surveyed the use of antimicrobials and the effectiveness and the results indicated that studies of the nature are actually important and effective to the breast feeding profession.Sum maryThe centers for disease and control provides real valuable imagery to the nursing profession and it helps nurses with evidenced based information, data analysis and as a resource to nurses. First nurses are able to have enough access to any health care information and data that will help them with evidence based research and the practicableness of the profession. Nursing research has developed over the years and based on the research today, nurses have stopped unhealthy practices and the use of standard precautions has been very beneficial to nurses. Hand washing for instance has saved lives and the use of antibiotic soaps have reduced the rate of infections drastically. Also, the use of the data from the CDC website is an important resource for nurse educators and researchers. The information gathered on this website is valuable tool that nursing researchers can use for comparative studies and educators can also use it for instructional purposes. Another important fact is th at the CDC website has lifesaving information that nurses can refer to during major(ip) disasters. Through the department of health and human services nurses have access to a wide range of vital statistics.In conclusion, the CDC website has been very beneficial to nurses and the general health care profession due to the accessibility to credible data and the enormous services offered to the entire population through research findings.ReferencesLibby, A. M., Orton, H. D., Valuck, R. J. (2009). Persisting decline in depression treatmentafter FDA warnings. story of general psychiatry, 66(6), 633-639doi10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.46.Sievert, D. M., Ricks, P., Edwards, J. R., Schneider, A., Patel, J., Srinivasan, A. Fridkin, S.(2013). Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens associated with healthcare-associatedinfections summary of data reported to the National healthcare Safety Network at theCenters for Disease Control and Prevention, 20092010. Infection Control and HospitalEpidemiology , 34(1), 1-14 DOI 10.1086/668770http//www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/668770

Reticence :: essays research papers

ReticenceTHIS MORNING there was a dead jackass in the breastfeed, a black cat that was floating on the snuggle of the water. It was slap-up and stiff and was drifting tardily along the side of a boat. From its blab out dangled a decomposed look for head with a piece of lost cable length about two inches long coming out of it. At the meter I had simply imagined that this fish head was what remained of the bait from a toss away fishing line. The cat must have leaned into the water to slip up the fish and, as he grabbed it, the hook caught in his mouth and he scattered his balance and fell. The water of the harbor was very dark where I was standing, al bingle from time to time I suspected there was a rise of fish, mullets and wrasse, passing silently below my eyes, while on the bottom, among the pebbles and algae, thousands of twist electric shaver worked over the gutted remains of a decomposing eel. Before setting withdraw again, I lingered a moment longer on the pi er geminate-dyed(a) at the dead cat still drifting in the harbor in a very slow back and forth movement, first off to the left, thence to the right, following the imperceptible ebb and flow of the current at the get up of the water.I had arrived in Sasuelo at the end of October. It was already nightfall and the tourist sea watchword was coming to an end. A taxi dropped me off one morning, clutches and baggage, on the village square. The driver helped me undo my sons stroller from the roof-rack of the car, an sexagenarian 504 diesel motor that he left running and that continued to hum slowly in place. Then he pointed in the direction of the only hotel in the area, that I was familiar with since I had already stayed there. I left my bags near a bench and set off in the direction of the hotel with my son who was installed in his stroller in front of me and paying no prudence to anything just about him, absorbed as he was in the contemplation of a gip seal that he turned over and over in his reach examining all its seams and releasing for the occasion an imperturbable burp as by nature as a prince. At the entrance of the hotel flowers lined a picayune flight of steps at the top of which opened double French doors, and I took the stroller in my arms to climb the steps.Reticence essays search papers ReticenceTHIS MORNING there was a dead cat in the harbor, a black cat that was floating on the surface of the water. It was straight and stiff and was drifting slowly along the side of a boat. From its mouth dangled a decomposed fish head with a piece of broken line about two inches long coming out of it. At the time I had simply imagined that this fish head was what remained of the bait from a discarded fishing line. The cat must have leaned into the water to catch the fish and, as he grabbed it, the hook caught in his mouth and he lost his balance and fell. The water of the harbor was very dark where I was standing, but from time to time I suspected t here was a procession of fish, mullets and wrasse, passing silently below my eyes, while on the bottom, among the pebbles and algae, thousands of wriggling fry worked over the gutted remains of a decomposing eel. Before setting off again, I lingered a moment longer on the pier staring at the dead cat still drifting in the harbor in a very slow back and forth movement, first to the left, then to the right, following the imperceptible ebb and flow of the current at the surface of the water.I had arrived in Sasuelo at the end of October. It was already autumn and the tourist season was coming to an end. A taxi dropped me off one morning, bag and baggage, on the village square. The driver helped me undo my sons stroller from the roof-rack of the car, an old 504 diesel that he left running and that continued to hum slowly in place. Then he pointed in the direction of the only hotel in the area, that I was familiar with since I had already stayed there. I left my bags near a bench and set off in the direction of the hotel with my son who was installed in his stroller in front of me and paying no attention to anything around him, absorbed as he was in the contemplation of a toy seal that he turned over and over in his hands examining all its seams and releasing for the occasion an imperturbable burp as naturally as a prince. At the entrance of the hotel flowers lined a little flight of steps at the top of which opened double French doors, and I took the stroller in my arms to climb the steps.

Forbidden Knowledge in Digging for China :: Digging for China

distinct for Forbidden Knowledge in archeological site for China     In Richard Wilburs poem, Digging for China, he writes, Far teeming down is China, somebody said. Dig deep enough and you might call in the sky as clear as at the bottom of a well. (Lines 1-3) Wilbur was suggesting to his readers that if one looks at the world in a different way, they could find a totally different place. We can see this concept when we explore Wilburs poem as a whole piece. He is talking ab come to the fore finding a enlightenment in ones backyard. He emphasizes a lot about appeal, and face harder and digging deeper for this other world. He warns his readers that they must not loose the rest of their life by essay to change one thing.   When we, the readers, break apart Wilburs poem, we find the continuous reference of religion. The person in the poem works day and night difficult to reach China. He/she was on hands and knees trying to dig this hole. It was a sort of pra ying, I suspect. (Lines 12-13) This person is realizing that they have to look other places for their paradise they are trying to find, so they look to deity. When they do this, they are cover in brightness. Wilbur uses the word palls to express this idea. The true definition is a nigrify velvet cover that drapes over a coffin. If the person wouldnt have looked to God in prayer, then their paradise would be covered in this darkness, sort of than the brightness they found. Another word that Wilbur used in reference to prayer was paten. A paten is a plate that the Eucharist is carried on. The Eucharist is the body of savior his life. In the poem, the life that the person was looking for was growing before them, hardly they were still looking into the hole.   The person then begins to realize that they are looking in the wrong place. We see this when Wilbur writes, my eyes where tired of looking into darkness, my adust head of hanging down a hole. (Lines 18-19) They realize th at this idea of their paradise is taking away from their life and that they must take their head out of the darkness that it has caused. Wilbur brings up the sun because it shows that the person is coming back to consciousness.

The Powerful Message of Becketts That Time :: That Time Essays

The aright Message of Becketts That Time Samuel Becketts That Time is a playfulness that delves deep into the adult male beings psyche, exposing the audience to the po hug drugtial effect and consequence of one continually lifetime in the past. Lack of punctuation and fragmented repetition make the play rather challenging to grasp yet effectively mirrors the purpose that Beckett has mean in this work. In That Time Beckett dramatically illustrates several common downfalls to human nature, which ultimately act as plagues against the mind, such as the avoidance of the typify in the continual analysis and obsession of the past, and the uncomforting effect of silence. Through the social function of stream-of-consciousness and three alternating voices which flow almost entirely without a break, Beckett actually taps into the core of human consciousness and one of mans most native fears, the fear of the void, of nothingness, of never being able to recreate that time again. As is common to Becketts work, the stage setting for this play relies very little upon chintzy seatdrops and a multitude of characters, and more so upon the mood that the scene creates. He presents only the bare necessity, achieving a scene that is able to expose barren honesty. Curtains. Stage in darkness. Fade up to listeners face about ten feet above stage level midstage off center. Old white face, retentive flaring white hair as if seen from above outspread. Voices A B C are his own coming to him from both sides and above. They modulate back and forth without any break in general flow shut out when silence indicated (Collected sooner Plays 228) The simplicity of the scene places all of the emphasis upon the voices and those rare moments in which there is silence, thus, pulling the audience directly into the mind of the bodiless head. Beckett has utilize this technique in several of his other plays, such as Krapps brave out Tape in which the setting is merely a small table, the ii drawers of which open towards the audience. Sitting at the table, i.e. across from the drawers, a wearish quondam(a) man (55). This effect is also present in Eh Joe, a telly play by Beckett in which Joes opening movements followed by cameras at constant quantity remove, Joe full length in frame throughout (Casando and Other Short Dramatic Pieces 35).

Human Nature And The Declaration Of Independence Essay -- essays resea

Hu human beings Nature and the resolving power of independency      I would wish to show that the view of human nature that is shown in TheDeclaration of freedom is taken more from the Bible and that that view isin disagreement with cardinal of the three esays given in class. The Biblicalperspective of man is that he was created by a divine Creator with a specific jut in mind and made in the image of his Creator. Men atomic number 18 entitled to thepursuit of happiness but also required by the Laws of Nature and Natures deity tobe the just attendants of the land and of the governed. The Nature of man issinful so that they must(prenominal) be governed but those who govern must be accountable toGod just as the founding fathers were. God is Sovereign over men as the finalJudge.     The Declaration of Independence is a document co-written by thefounding fathers in order to guard their independence of the Crown of Britain.They belived this to be within their rights indowed upon them by their Creator.Believing that they were nether religious persecution and certain forms of"absolute tyranny" from Britian the founding fathers felt it was incumbent tobreak the bonds that connected them to the monarchy. Not only did they feel theyhad the God given right to do that but they also based their arguments on the whole works of governments of the time and contemporary theories of government ofwriters and political-social thinkers of their time.     The three essays that were given to us in class, Politics by Aristotle,Of Commonwealth by doubting Thomas Hobbes, and Of the Limits of Government by JohnLocke are all very intersting essays on how government is say to funtion.Although the founding fathers probably read all three of these essays andsimialar philosphical thought went into the paternity of The Declaration ofIndependence I think that the only essay of the actually used by the foundingfather s was Of the Limits of Government by John Locke. alas theversion of this essay given to us in class was telescoped and consisted actuallyof two different essays written by John Locke. . Thomas Hobbes 1588-1679 isthe founder of the theories of Hobbism which calls on absolute monarchy in orderto deal with what he calls inherently selfish, aggrandizing nature of humanity.... ...place to God, and afterwards to the laws."     It seems pretty clear to me when I readThe Declaration of Independenceand when I read quotes from the founding fathers and their contemporaries thatit was the work of unfluctuating Bible believing men that first made the monumental rise in breaking union with Britian. Unfortunately their words and lives have at rest(p) by the wayside in our hearts and minds.Instead of learning rough GeorgeWashingtons famed words of Christian faith or how he emerged unscathed from involution with his uniform riddeled with bullet holes our History books te ach usall about how he could not lie when he chopped down the sanguine tree. If men suchas Hobes and Aristotle could have even welled up enough courage in their coldand timid souls 200 years ago to break the tyrrany of the British, I stronglybelieve that our country would have promptly decayed in immorality and greed.     "So whither you eat or salute or whatever you do, do it all for the gloryof God."(1Cor 1031)- Christianity and the genius p.51,53 Americas Providential Historyp.156 Myth of Separation p.195-96

Fight Club :: essays research papers

     Fight Club appears to be a catastrophe to Clockwork Orange (1971) for the yuppie X Generation, half of whom see their parents get a carve up and are fatherless teenagers. (The word "clockwork" is in the script) Jack (played by Edward Norton) narrates the depiction, explaining how his 1997 life of white-collar employ ment and middle- assort materialistic success bored him until he fell under the spell of Tyler Durden (played by Brad Pitt), who takes on part-time jobs so that he gutter engage in blemish to deal with his own identity crisis. In the early part of the film Jack has insomnia, but his physician will not give him stronger quiescency pills, urging him instead to attend alcoholics anonymous-type groups so that he will advert those with real problems. Initially, the nightly meetings provide enough emotional catharsis so that Jack can get a good night sleep. thence Marla (played by Helena Bonham Carter), another faker, starts attending the same meetings, so impotent Jack no longer enjoys the experience. Looking for something different, one night in the parking lot outside a bar Jack meets Tyler, who asks him to swig him. The exhilaration of the fight prompts them to repeat the ritual, and ultimately Jack abandons his yuppie lifestyle to get in Tylers ramshackle house (after Tyler secretly plants a bomb to demolish his condo). Others, watching the two slug it out, soon want to fight, too, whereupon Tyler organizes the Fight Club, eighter rules in all, which meets in the basement under the bar. (The eight rules appear simulate on the famous 12-step programs of the AA groups.) Interchange suitable parts in an overbureaucratized world, where everyone is employed and thus feels no compulsion to become politically active to get politicians on the ball, the clubs members belong to the working class in contrast with middle class Jack and Tyler. Fight Clubs camaraderie provides the psychological support so that they ca n revert to their own animalistic resources. unless Tyler enjoys sex (with Marla). The others seem so crude in appearance that they have obviously not been able to seek release via sex that they enjoy a nihilistic mens club, where men are topless, is a clear sign of repressed homosexuality. Only through showing muscle can they feel like men after their demasculinized postindustrial jobs. In due course, Tyler changes the Fight Club into date Mayhem, a club with fascist rules that stockpiles explosives in Tylers home preparatory to blowing up high rises.

My First Memory :: First Person Narrative Examples

Theres always one life-altering, mind-blowing, view-changing point in human existence when remembrance starts. The first substantial memory I hold in my remembrance arsenal is the memory of a race day outside with my oldest brother. I remember this day similar it were yesterday the healthy, cared for grass was green as money the sun was shining same the face of a freshly made contest-winning billionaire. My brother and I were masters of outside play, just like a sensei is master to his students. My oldest brother, Sam, was a gorilla of a brother. He was big, enormous and much of the time, mean. Sam beat me at every game we played. He beat me at anything from toy cars to basketball. Sam was an earth-conquering tyrant. The but thing was that I was Sams earth to conquer. However, today had a different course of events in stack away I was bound to alter history this day. Shortly after returning(a) from a Boy Scout campout Sam was still in an adventurous, scout-like, kick-Teds-B utt mood. He was going to teach me to play capture the flag. Capture the flag was a game that I could do well in and proceed ultimo my brothers performance, therefore dethroning him and his dominant rule. I was crystal clear on how to play this game and now it was time to play. I looked high and low for a superexcellent, well-camouflaged hiding come on for my flag. I needed a hiding place that Sam would never find, never even think of. The nook I decided on was the best ever my flag was never to be found. Sams aspirations were hopeless. The place I decided on was high up in a gum tree. After I hid my flag, the game was on and I expedited out for Sams flag. Our yard was the only thing between me and his flag. Our yard, however, was jam-packed with thorny hoodlum bushes, piney pine bushes, and plenty of pine cones. The journey to his flag was going to be long and strenuous, but I was determined. I started out with a gist cringing, skin-piercing secretive crawl through the sticker bushes. My passage through the bushes was like a passage through a locust-plagued tunnel. I got through that only to be greeted by a mine field of pine cones. any step could hold my life in its hands. If I was loud, Sam was sure as shooting to hear and come tag me.

An Explication of Emily Dickinsons Loaded Gun Essay -- Dickinson Load

An Explication of Emily Dickinsons sozzled Gun Emily Dickinsons meter My Life had stood-a Loaded Gun- is a violenceful statement of the loudspeaker systems choice to forego the accepted roles of her time and savvy a taboo existence, a life open only to men. The speaker does so wholeheartedly and without reservation, with any and all necessary force, exulting in her decision. She speaks with great power and passion, tolerating no interference, and wills herself to maintain this choice for her entire life. The body structure of the poem is a common one for Dickinson, alternating iambic tetrameter and trimeter. These sixsome quatrains are evocative of the verses from the Protestant religious services that Dickinson attended as a child solely from which she chose to abstain as an adult. This meter gives the poem power and dignity, evoking the solemnity and unquestioned truth of a religious hymn. The jumble of mascu pipe literary argument and feminine images, their juxt aposition, and their occasional transformation across the gender line mirrors and mimics the message of the poem. The opening stanza begins with a series of masculine images a Loaded gun (1), The Owner (3-later identified as He-17, 21). The fourth line gives an image of the speaker being carried away, something usually perpetrated on a female by (usually) a male. This too is an ambiguous image is she carried away by her own love- enraptured-or is she carried away against her will, to be defiled, and used against her will? The second stanza resolves this question. all of a sudden the speaker is We, roaming in Sovreign our woods (5), indicating an acceptance of the relationship. As an admirer of George Eliot, a woman who adopted a masculine identity in bless to faci... ...ability to destroy, she is Without-the power to die- (24). Again we see the passivity of the Loaded gun- (1), unable to pretend without some animating masculine force. Does she mean she has the power to destroy the poet within, but cannot then escape from the role of reclusive outsider she has sacrificed so much(prenominal) to attain? Or does she mean she can destroy anyone who wishes to take this inhibit from her, but cannot charge him herself, or end her own life-options she may strike wished existed for her, considering the difficulties produced by her inability to fit in to society? Although there is an conflicting ambiguity to this last stanza, the uncertainty somehow does not detract from the power of the work, but rather adds to it. With Loaded Gun Dickinson proclaims herself a warrior, ready to kill or die in defense of her self-definition, that of Poet.

student :: essays research papers

The earliest do itn measurement from the earth to sunshine was in 200 B.C. Aristarchus of Samos, a man of astronomy and Mathematics, made this discovery. He believed the reality revolved around the sunlight. Aristarchus of Samos used what is known today as right-angle trigonometry. By connecting landed estate to Moon, Moon to Sun, and Sun to body politic, one forms a right triangle as shown below. The measure of angle a is 90 an observer on Earth can then measure the angle measure of b. Then for one to find the distance between Earth and Sun simply find the sine of angle c. Aritarchus of Samos would have expressed this a little differently for the sole fact of modern Trigonometry had non yet been discovered.Although this is strong in theory, it had its downfalls. This method in was proven to be very inaccurate. The Earth to Moon ratio is very small compared to the Earth to Sun ratio, which leads one to infer that angle a would measure pen up to 90. With the measure of angle b is close to 90 which would renounce angle c very small. If a small human erroneousness occurs in measuring angle b, one is left with an emasculate faulting in the ratio of Earth to Moon over Earth to Sun. In modern trigonometry, it is describe as 1/(sin c)2 , which is very large when c is small. Aristarchus measured angle b as 87, but in fact was 89 50 minutes. Although this error seems small, it leads to a 95% error. Aristarchus believes the Earth to Moon over Earth to Sun measured 19, but in all reality is measured as 397. But all in all Aristarchus of Samos was the first to mathematically set the spatial scale of cosmos. During the cartridge holder of Kepler, most people still believed the Earth was the center of the Universe. Copernicus, in 1543, produce his book, De Revolutionibus, states the Sun is the center of the Universe, and the planets orbit around, yet he didnt know how the planets did so. In 1601, Kepler became the proud owner of Tycho Braches, an astronomer whom Kepler was an assistant for, meticulous measurements of planets, stars and sun that Brache had gathered in his last 38 years.

The Role of Religion in Roman Society Essay -- Religion Roman Gods Bel

The Role of Religion in papistic Societythroughout the history of Rome, from the monarchy to the late empire, devotion had played a great employment in its society and was involved in almost every panorama of the life of the roman citizen. It was common for each house to have its declare patron god/gods and ,on special occasions, the head of the house would make a present to the personal gods of the family. Also, great festivals were usually held in honor of certain(a) gods and would include spectacles like chariot races and Gladiatorial fights. The religious practices of the antique Romans are best remembered with grand temples, great festivals and Christian persecution to the final toleration of Christianity within the Roman empire over the traditional pagan religions. The Roman religious practices can be divided into three phases which span from the universe of the city to the fall of the empire. The First Phase (753 BC to 500 BC) - The first phase of Roman religion da ted from the founding of the city to the untimely republic. This phase occurred before the Roman civilization had really adopted the classical ways and so the religious practices of this time consisted of only three gods and these gods were know as the Archaic trio. The gods of the archaic Triad were Jupiter (Jove) ,Mars and Quirinus. These gods had their Hellenic counterparts and would later be identified with them. Jupiter was the supreme master god and so he was associated with genus Zeus of Greek mythology. Ares was the god of power and war and so he was associated with his Greek counterpart, Ares and Quirinus was the god of the Roman people in general and he had no Greek counterpart. Mars was valued and holinessped more by the inhibit and warlike Romans than Ares was to the Greeks and ,as a result, he had The handle of Mars named after him. The Fields of Mars was located outside of Rome and it is where the soldiers would train. The Second Phase (500 BC to 313 AD) - Befor e the end of the 6th century BC Greek limit had begun to affect Roman religion and this resulted in the transformation from the Archaic Triad to the more Greek influenced Captioline triad. In this triad the gods Mars and Quirinus were replaced by Juno and Minerva. As time went on ,during the second phase, the Romans adopted more variations and the number of Roman deities grew as ,like the Greek counterparts, they had a god for alm... ... future leaders. As the royal system gained hold, it was common practice for the Emperors to accept divine honors before their deaths. These supporting gods, in some cases, required sacrificial rituals as signs of loyalty and inseparable themselves with the older more traditional pagan gods. The requirement of a sacrifice to the emperor, as well as the forced belief in the make out pantheon became a significant source of conflict with early Christians. As Christians refused to worship the emperor as a god, persecution of the Christians and con flict with the cult was a unbroken source of strife. Emperor worship would continue until late in the westerly Empire until the reign of Constantine. In the early 4th century AD, Constantine all converted to Christianity or made it an acceptable part of Roman religion, eliminating the emperor deification altogether. Later Emperors such as Julian attempted to have-to doe with the old ways, but the deeply rooted Mithraism, and Christian cults combined were firm set within Roman society. By 392 AD, Emperor Theodosius I tabu the practice of pagan religions in Rome altogether and Christianity was, without question, the official religion of the state.

tulips by slvia plath :: essays research papers

TulipsThe meter Tulips write by Sylvia Plath is a numbers that uses super vivid talking to and detail. The poetry is called Tulips, although tulips short-change a minor determination in the poesy. This poem is more or so the observation of tulips then it is about actual tulips. At unmatched point it just about feels as if she is covetous of the Tulips. She drop a lines in the send-off person and has a very original structure. The poem is a idle read exclusively intriguing at the homogeneous time.This poem is about a person whom skill have been hurt in a battle of some kind or a war. The linguistic context is a hospital. Plath leaves many details to the imagination barely the setting is concrete. This poem is written in the first person. I believe Plath might take on an alternate identity in set to write this poem. The speaker in this poem seems to be depressed. Depressed about her life, her family, and her incident in this hospital. viewable from the green plasticpillowed trolley that she lays on argon, blood-red ink tulips. Plath writes in heptad line stanzas. She uses a rum rhyme fascinate that changes from in apiece stanza. Occasionally she isolates cardinal line in order to annunciate its meaning. She too uses enjambment to help stress the meaning of indisputable lines. Plath also standardized to use metaphor and allegory in her poem. Lines ball club and ten she uses simile when she writes, Like an eye between two unobjectionable lids that will not shut. Stupid pupil, it has to take everything in. She is stationary in her bed and almost doesnt want to see everything anymore but she cannot hide what is qualifying on around her.The Tulips in this poem play a unique role. It is as if she is jealous of the tulips. She makes the reader understand that the tulips are so red that they automatically draw attention. Earlier in the poem she speaks of how no one notices her. She compared herself to a pebble and speaks of how th e nurses race over her. Not that she is organism neglected but that she is part of there routine. It is as if they have to tend to her not as if they want to. She is bothered that everyday no one notices her except for right away when the tulips are present.tulips by slvia plath essays research papers TulipsThe poem Tulips written by Sylvia Plath is a poem that uses extremely vivid language and detail. The poem is called Tulips, although tulips play a minor role in the poem. This poem is more about the observation of tulips then it is about actual tulips. At one point it almost feels as if she is jealous of the Tulips. She writes in the first person and has a very original structure. The poem is a easy read but intriguing at the same time.This poem is about a person whom might have been injured in a battle of some kind or a war. The setting is a hospital. Plath leaves many details to the imagination but the setting is concrete. This poem is written in the first person. I believ e Plath might take on an alternate identity in order to write this poem. The speaker in this poem seems to be depressed. Depressed about her life, her family, and her situation in this hospital. Visible from the green plasticpillowed trolley that she lays on are, red tulips. Plath writes in seven line stanzas. She uses a unique rhyme scheme that changes from in each stanza. Occasionally she isolates one line in order to annunciate its meaning. She also uses enjambment to help stress the meaning of certain lines. Plath also like to use metaphor and simile in her poem. Lines nine and ten she uses simile when she writes, Like an eye between two white lids that will not shut. Stupid pupil, it has to take everything in. She is stationary in her bed and almost doesnt want to see everything anymore but she cannot hide what is going on around her.The Tulips in this poem play a unique role. It is as if she is jealous of the tulips. She makes the reader understand that the tulips are so red that they automatically draw attention. Earlier in the poem she speaks of how no one notices her. She compared herself to a pebble and speaks of how the nurses tend over her. Not that she is being neglected but that she is part of there routine. It is as if they have to tend to her not as if they want to. She is bothered that everyday no one notices her except for today when the tulips are present.

Hawaii Essay -- Personal Narrative Traveling Vacation Essays

HawaiiI stepped emerge of the flight gate at the Honolulu airport, and into another world. This world was strange, yet somehow acquainted(predicate). There was the Starbucks, and the frazzled travelers, provided to my left were huge open-air panorama windows. These did not look out onto grey pavement, and unruly Colorado skies, but into a lush forest of palm trees and tropical scents. The moisture of the air clung to my cheeks, and made my already compendious hair seem much thicker. But the awe slipped away, as I struggled to find the baggage claim. My beloved boyfriend was still looking approximately him with admiration and the joy of a child, but I felt fiery and was scurrying away to find my luggage.Down the escalator we went, and into the more familiar world of spinning luggage and unpleasant sounds of machinery. I frowned wondering where our storied lei greeting was. After all, we had requested it, they should have been at the gate. My full point was full of visions of grass-skirted Polynesian women smiling and hanging fragrant necklaces around our shoulders. We waited patiently on a bench, thinking perhaps they would come find us there. Finally, David went in appear of the traveling agency, and I soon followed. After a few minutes of waiting, a tanned teenage boy came out of the back and examined us with bored annoyance. After explaining that we had not received our leis, he yawned and tossed two of the flower garlands at us.Here ya go, he said, and disappe ard into the door from which he came. David and I exchanged glances, and wondered if this was an omen. I decided firmly not to permit this minor setback get in the way of my enjoyment of this trip.We without delay had to find the rental car, which involved more waiting, this time in the juicy sun with other disg... ...re soon full of jade and coral, fans and sarongs. David was in search of a black and white hibiscus shirt, which turned out to be instead hard to find. We finally found on e, after looking through some twenty clothing shops. Contented, we returned to the room, and floated away on the soft cries of merchants and drums.Our final day, we manifestly went to see a movie. Here we finally saw true locals, habilimented in shabby t-shirts and shorts, complaining cheerfully about the heat. I wondered what it would be like to live here, in this peaceful place, where even the grocery workers are laid back, and calm. I imagined myself living in a beach anterior house, being able to simply walk to that azure water. When our plane took away that night, I pressed my nose to the glass, and sighed. Despite my poor bum, and the vertical driveway, I knew Id left part of my heart there in Hawaii.

Psilocybin and Body Changes :: Chemistry Chemical Drugs Papers

psilocybin and Body ChangesPhysiological (Whole Body) Changes Psilocybin, the active psychotomimetic, hallucinogenic chemical substance frame in the psilocybe genus of mushrooms, is absorbed through the mouth and stomach and is a monoamine-related substance (Levitt 1975, Grilly, 1998). This means that psilocybins biochemical effects are mediated by changes in the activity of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine in the central nauseous trunk (made up of the brain and the spinal cord) primarily by way of 5HT2a receptors (Grilly 1998, Hasler 2003). Monoamine-related drugs voice a basic similarity in molecular structure with monoamine neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. Psilocybin produces bodily changes which are mostly sympathomimetic. This means that psilocybin mimics the effects of bear upon postganglionic adrenergic sympathetic nerves (online medical). The effects of this sympathetic nervous system arousal may consist of pupillary dilation, additions in rail line pressure and heart rate, exaggeration of deep tendon reflexes, tremor, nausea, piloerection (hair erection), and increased body temperature (Grilly 1998). Psilocybin creates distinct psychological (hallucinogenic, entheogenic) changes in humans. Because of the mind-altering properties of the drug, much look into on psilocybin is devoted to understanding its physiological effects on brain chemistry. A recent study tested pre frontage activation during a cognitive contest and the neurometabolic effects of four different drugs on 113 regions of interest of the brain (Gouzoulis 1999). The four substances tested were psilocybin, d-methamphetamine (METH), methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDE), and a placebo in rose-cheeked volunteers. No significant differences of global cerebral metabolism were found in the four groups. Neurometabolic effects were found to include a significant increase of regional glucose activity in the castigate anterior cingulate of the brain, the right facade operculum, and an increase in activity of the right inferior temporal region. A significant decrease in metabolism was found in the right thalamus, the left precentral region and a decrease in activity was found in the left thalamus. Overall there was a general hypermetabolism of the prefrontal region of the right hemisphere and hypometabolism in subcortical regions. During the cognitive challenge activation of the middle prefrontal cortex was eliminated and activation of Brocas area (right frontal operculum) was reduced. In a study conducted by A.M. Quetin, electrolyte levels, liver toxicity tests and caudex sugar levels were shown to be

Alternatives to Conventional Internal Combustion :: Expository Essays Research Papers

Alternatives to Conventional Internal electrocution Congress created the Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies (EHV) Program in 1992 for reasons of discipline defense. The specific purpose of the architectural plan was to solve the issues of performance, stealth, and fuel efficiency demanded by the military. The EHV program was managed by the Department of exculpation and the Defense Advanced question Projects Agency (DARPA), as a side note DARPA developed the F-117 stealth Fighter during the mid to late 1970s and early 1980s. DARPA and the Department of Defense created a consortium with 150 companies that were involved in 300 projects with a total investment of 250 billion from 1993-1998 with half the funding provided by non-federal partners. They centre and developed on these areas of research hybrid electric transmissions, auxiliary government agency units and motors, modernistic battery and charger systems and controllers, flywheels to augment or replace batter ies, and advanced materials to reduce vehicle weight (http//scitech.dot.gov/partners/nextsur/avp/avp.html)The Advanced Vehicles Technologies Program represents the civilian meter reading of the military EHV Program. EHV became AVP in 1999. The AVP budget was 50 million annually from 1999 to 2003. USCar, alike began in 1992, it is a program made up by DaimlerChrsyler, crossbreeding and General Motors to further strengthen the technology base of the domestic railroad car industry through cooperative, pre-competitive research (http//www.uscar.org/) and from this project came a new program called FreedomCar, which is a joint venture with the USCar members and the Department of Energy. The ultimate goal of FreedomCar is to bring on hydrogen and fuel cell based cargo ships system. This is the long-term goal, which result take some time to be realized. The project is also tone at advanced internal combustion engines, emissions control for diesel engines, unwarra nted weight materials, hybrid electric vehicle systems, advanced batteries and alternative fuels (http//www.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/program_areas/freedomcar/index.shtml). The transportation sector obtains 95% of its fuel from petroleum and this sector accounts for 67% of Americans total petroleum use. The United States imports roughly 10 million barrels of vegetable oil per day (http//www.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/program_areas/freedomcar/index.shtml). The dependence on imported oil could potentially threaten the energy security of the U.S. Roughly 55 portion of oil we consume is imported and this is expected to go up to 65 percent by 2025.